Conclusion According Essay Example for Free

Conclusion According Essay This is the hatred of another person by a person due to his status and the skin color. Racism has been a major issue in the United States and this has lead to hatred of many people. Racism is specifically accomplished by the skin color that is how the white perceive the black people. The dark skin has been disrespected worldwide by the white people and this has brought about racism. Metraux A (1950) Racism is like a belief that another person is less than of a value than the person, the belief determines the person background d the power and also the color. Racism is something that as been inherited from the fore front of our great grand parents, that is according to the white man they used to put the black man into slavery because the black man had no power over the white man, racism is something that is running into our own lives and it is something that has been very difficult to overcome because it is said it is something that is in a culture of a person and it is inheritable. Scholars have been very much to know the roots of racism and to look upon the causes and ways in which h racism can be avoided but it is true to say that racism lives within a person and the only way to change racism is by fighting and changing of our own perception towards a particular group of people or not looking at people according to there own skin co lour. Wellman T (1993) The perception of the black men on politics, during this era of Richard Wright the white men were the only people who were considered in politics and not in social areas, the white men had the only power to be seen in politics and anything that needed leadership and this brought about the discrimination of the black on politics. The black men were inert and no where to be seen in anything that concerned politics or leadership, they were considered as people who could not lead and who had little knowledge or no knowledge of the way to politics, therefore the white people made the decisions on matters that resulted to politics and social matters. Bernard L (1992) The black men had no right of being educated or receive any information according to Richard Wright, the Whites were only seen to be the people who were allowed to be educated, and mostly the black people were considered to grow up as slaves of the white people. Therefore they never considered giving the white childhood any type of education because they new definitely that they will grow into slaves of the white, and in any case a black was considered educated there was a certain place where they could be taken and given work but under the management of the white people, therefore no black person was seen as a leader or a manager of a company despite his educational background he had to be under the supervision of the white people. Benjamin H (2006) During this era the black men were perceived as people who grew up as criminals and there main aim was to kill the white people, they were considered as poor people always in need and people who had no power over anything that is they were to work and be slaves under the strict supervision of the white people. Has this perception changed? The perception of the black by the white has partly changed; still there is the discrimination of the white by the black in the modern world meaning that racism is still a topic to be discussed and how to overcome it. black people are now allowed in politics by the white people, but still there are number of white people who do not accept that black people can still lead they grant them as people who need strict supervision and in this case they have not be able to accept leadership by the black people. Black men have been freed from the times of slavery by the white people and the society has regarded racism as a discrimination term that is supposed to be changed, therefore considering the skin colour of the black as being helpful to the society. The culture has developed a very bad image of the black people from the white perception it is accurate to say that the society looks upon its roots on the black perception they still discriminate the black on some of the current issues for example they still consider the black as criminals, drug addicts and abusers. Therefore it is true that racism is being fought but still there people who are still bound by there cultural perception and beliefs about the black. Stereotypes of African American are generalized about the behavior of African group or individual. These stereotypes developed in American culture since the colonial era and they have been used to portray the black men as naive irresponsible or careless, lazy, poor and violent. Therefore racism is all about the color, the black face was developed in America to show the color development of the black and how the black got discriminated simply be cause of there color. There was a book for children that was developed called Sambo, it also discriminated the black as people who were lazy and people who were irresponsible and it considered black to be slur. The book is about a boy who outwitted a number of tiger and the boy is considered to be black. The magic Negro also refereed the black people discrimination; Negro was a disrespectful term that was used to call the black people. The mammy archetype referred the black people as slaves that are they were seen tying apron so that they can help the white either in there assigned work by the white people. Current survey has shown that the white are still discriminating the black people, for example research has shown that there is discrimination of the black by the white especially by the taxi drivers, they consider the white more than the black people showing that the white still grant the black people as people who are still poor. In a police case survey has shown that the black people are much discriminated by the white policemen more than the way the white policeman will deal with a white person, this shows that racism is still going on. Black people are still considered as criminal more than the white people; there skin color which is black has made them be preserved as criminal more than the white people. Marvin J On current survey black people possess the ownership of being feared by other people because from there judgment of color they look like criminals and thugs, this has created a difference from the white people, who have been judged by there skin color as people who posses innocence Conclusion According to Richard Wright era black men perception was very negative, this shows that Racism is like a diseases that is within our own perception and in this ca se it should be healed, human being s were created in different color that is there is the white and the black, and it is true to say that there is no need to judge a person according to the skin color. Having a white skin does not mean that power over everything was given to the whites, this has been developed over the years and this has lead to the disrespect and the misuse of the dark skin, there fore changing the perception about the black people over the white people is very difficult. Because racism is something that has been there since the colonial era and it is something that has been developing over and over the generations. Robber M(Ed) the stereotypes that were developed to mark the black man it is certainly that they are still continuing to mark the black man as still powerless up to this current world. It is very unfortunate to explain that the current world has not changed there conduct to the perception of racism especially when it comes to the dark skin, most leaders in the world have lead to the racism and minority of these leaders have been unable to fight, it is wise to change the people perception on racism especially when dealing with the skin color. People have difference by there own skin color but this does not mean that one skin color is superior to the other; there fore it is good for the world to come to an end and fight racism on skin color. Work cited Metraux A (1950) United Nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on problems of race in American Anthropologist Wellman T (1993) portraits of white Racism. New York, NY Cambridge University Press Bernard L (1992) Race and Slavery in the Middle East an historical enquiry. Oxford University Press Benjamin H (2006) THE invention of racism in classical antiquity, Princeton University press Marvin J the myth of the black man on race, sex, and suspicion Robber M and Andrew R, the black image in the white image

The Social Benefits Of Education

The Social Benefits Of Education Education has been considered an investment value. Those who acquire additional schooling generally earn more over their lifetimes, achieve higher level of employment, and enjoy more satisfying careers. It also enable people to more fully enjoy life, appreciate literature and culture and be more socially involved citizens. Private returns to education refer to the benefits received by the individual who acquires additional schooling. These include economic benefits such as higher lifetime earnings, lower level of unemployment, and greater job satisfaction, improve health and longevity. Social returns refer to positive or possibly negative consequences that accrue to individuals other than the indivudal or family making the decision. About how much schooling to acquire. These are the benefits not taken into account by the decision-maker. II. Rationales for Government involvement In Post Secondary Education Efficiency gains result in an increase in societys total output of goods and services, and thus allow achievement of higher average living standards Equity considerations relate not to the average standards of living but how societys total output is distributed among citizens. Second argument to intervention is that in the absence of interventions such as student loan programs individuals who might benefit from higher education but who do not have the financial resources to finance the investment are typically unable to use their potential human capital as collateral for loan.. The talent of the population may not be fully utilized and the total output of goods and services may fall short of its potential. Both of these efficiency rationales involve a potential market failure. The first arises because of positive external benefits associated with education -social benefits that exceed private benefits. The second arises because of a failure in credit market that results in some individuals being unable to finance productive investments. III. Estimating Private and Social Returns to Education Education is one of the best predictors of success in the labour market. More educated workers earn higher wages, have greater earnings growth over their lifetimes, experience less unemployment and work longer Higher education is also associated with higher longer life expectancy, better health and reduced participation in crime. According to human capital theory, schooling raises earnings because it enhances workers skills thus making employees more productive and more valuable to employers. III. Social Returns to Education positive or possibly negative consequences that accrue to individuals other than the indivudal or family making the decision. About how much schooling to acquire. These are the benefits not taken into account by the decision-maker. A. Innovation, knowledge creation and economic growth new growth theory: emphasizes the contribution of knowledge creation and innovation in fostering advances in living standards over time.. education plays an important role in economic growth . knowledge creation and innovation respond to economic incentives, and thus can be influenced by public policy. The education and skill formation systems play an important role in fostering innovation and advancing knowledge. There are 3 main dimensions to this role related to research function of educational institutions esp. universities can be an important source of new ideas. Accgd. To this perspective the human capital of the workforce is a crucial factor facilitating the adoption of new and more productive technologies. Human capital of the workforce is a crucial factor facilitating the adoption of new and more productive technologies. The transfer of knowledge function msut be reflected to the returns to education. Those receiving educ will become more prodictive and thus more valuable to the employers. Post sec educ in oecd countries is relatively more important than with primary and secondary educ in developing countries B. Knowledge spillovers Static knowledge spillovers arise if more education raises not only the productivity of those receinvg the education but alos the productivity of those they work with and interact with. Jacobs argue that cities are engine of growth bec they facilitate the exchange of ideas esp. between entrepreneurs and managers Such knowledge spillovers can take place thorugh the echange of ideas, imitation and learning by doing C. Non-market effects of education Other forms of benefits other than higher wages or non-wage benefits from working. This includes improved onw health or child dev. private in nature and thus may be taken into account by individuals in cjoosing the amount of educ to acquire. Authors find considerable impact of educ on a wide variety of non-0market and social benefits even after controlling income, age, health and race. This includes effect of wifes schooling on husband earnings effect of parents educ on child outcomes (intergenerational effects): education, cognitive ability, health and fertility choices effect of educ on own health and spouse health effect of educ on consumer choice efficiency, labour market etc effect of educ on charitable giving and volunteeractivity higher ave of educ levels in the community lower school dropout rates of children D. Intergenerational effect parents education has strong effects on children, resulting in large intergenerational effects parental educ on a number of child outcomes including higher parental educ is associated with lower fertility via increased efficiency of contraception as well as via raising the age of both marriage and first pregnancy. The resulting of lower pop growth is positive for economic growth in dev countires incidence of teenage childbearing is much higher for children of less educated parents child abuse and neglect are also associarted with parents educ high parental educ more subs family investments in children , loer criminal propensities , improved child health children of less educated poarents generally cost more to educate intergenerational benefits of educ to society: lower educ cost, less ue of foster care and juvenile diversion, lower crime, lower heakth cost and lower dependence on welfare transfers E. Health and longeivity child health is posivitve related to parents educ results to superior health behaviors: reduced smoking, more exercise and low incidence of heavy drinking educ people adopt newer drugs due to ability to learn and more info thus educ leads to better health F. Criminal Activity high educ levels may lower crime byb raising wage rates, which increase the opportunity cost of crime lower crime rates G. Civic participation correlation between educ and voting is high . higher educ is also associated with greater charitable giving and volunteerism trust and participation educ raises the quality of peoples involvement in the society H. Tax and transfer returns more educ are less likely to return on public transfers wven when elgivible for benefits FLEMISH EDUCATION, BETWEEN MERTIOCRACY AND EGALITARANISM By: Ides Nicaise I. A Century of Reforms- without much success social inequality in education still exist in flanders compulsory educ until the age of 18 90s began with an experimentation on positive discrimination schools with a large number of pupils from underprivileged groups (immigrants, disadvantaged pupils) received additional funding What is lacking is a clear choice in favour of a more egalitarian of educ Two Basic Views of Equality Meritocracy Egalitarianism Both visions to a certain extent share the same concern: out an end to the unjustified passing on of power , prestige, and wealth based on a persons descent. Allocation of social positions should no longer be ascribed to individuals based on their origins (the principle of ascription), rather these positions should be acquired based on achievement Every member of society should regardless of social origin have the same opportunities to prove himself Meritocracy an ideology of equal opportunities .. and unequal treatment Principle of individual merit which boils down to a combination of talent and effort False justice theory, results in a disguised reproduction of the existing inequalities Tony Blair- ambition to make his country a meritocratic society. Nederlands and Sweden were the first to achieve the higest stage of a meritocratic educ society Social positions to be distribuited on the basis of merit (talent and effort) The existing social inequality can essentially be explained by three set of factors innate abilities genetically determined social background- transfer of matrial assets, social networks, and cultural capital. This is regarded as unfair ; these are the mechanisms that have to be eliminated as much as possible , eg by the provision of free and freely accessible educ. Accdg. To meritocratic thinking, society is not responsible for the two other sets of factors. Innate ability (for the time being) a question of coincidence, personal effect-responsibility of every individual personal preferences and effort opposed to the social transfer of power and prosperity, but inequality exists in merit . the merit talent . it is implicitly assumed that tlents are purely randomly distributed among the pop. And tehrfore have nothing to do with social origins The meritocratic recipe for educ can be summarized in 3 major principles everyone must have equal access to education according to innate ability . equal opportunities : opportunities refer to coincidental factor which is not within our power and which helps determine the outcomes of educ and future social pos. The aim is not therefore equal outcomes, but a particular distribution of possible outcomes which are unrelated to a persons social background equal access educ is not unconditional. Everyone should have access to educ accdg to his innate ability. It is accepted that not everyone gains access to the same extent to a given level or type of educ. Specifically, financial obstacles in education will have to be eliminated as much as possible but that admission tests or intelligence tests can be accepted a legitimate selection criteria. Unequal treatment of individuals based on merit is regarded as legitimate. In other words it is accepted that more is invested in persons who display a greater innate ability and or more personal effort. . moral to economic interà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ regarded as fair community invest more resources in people with more talent, perhaps they have merited this, but bec they are expected to contribute more in the future to collective prosperity to those who have shall be given inequality based on social background will disappear if the two previous principles are consistently applied Principle of equal opportunites has been translated into compulsory education and free educ. Compulsory educ is a way of legally limiting parents freedom of choice regarding educational participation Second principle- differential treatment accdg to talent and effort, forms the counterbalance to this mildness at the entrance gate . Flemish educ is extremely selective and achievement -oriented What is wrong with meritocracy? John Goldthorpe inherited talents are in no way an element of merit and as a result the ethical justification for this social model is immediately negated Dick pels- adds a number of arguments to demonstrate that even on a labour market regarded as competitive and meritocratic Youn- meritocracy in its most perfect form eventually leads to a new type of class-based society Egalitarianism: a relic from the communist era? Egalitarianism is the basic percepts of human rights, ie the equal dignity and freedom of people The right of educ may not depend on the talents of an individual but is, to a certain extent, an absolute right Absolute rights do indeed apply to basic goods John Rawls- people will agree that distribution of basic goods must be strictly egalitarian and may not be dependent on something like talents, precisely bec. Talents are unearned Inequalities that contribute to an improvement in the position of the poorest citizens gradation differences exist within egalitarianism: at the level of elem educ., it refers to equal outomes (a level that everyone should attain), at the higher level- equal opportunities The emphasis on equal outcomes (elem and sec) forms a second critical area of difference bet. Egalitarianism and meritocracy. Amartya Sen emphasis the basic right is only effective if the result is achieved, not if it is written down in law. This means that authorities bear the responsibility for guaranteeing the implementation of basic rights for all. Principle of positive discrimination- priority given to disadvantage Egalitarianism implicitly assumes that equal outcomes are possible. Students in the primary and sec levels are in the position to achieve the targets Traces of egalitarianism in Flemish educ: attainment targets in guaranteeing pupils with the same min skill level remains limited. Study grants from merit.. to egalitarian vision Trojan Horse of the Lower Classes Protagonist of greater equality are not infrequently accused but face with some questions: A society cannot consist solely of university graduates . labour market also needs semi-skilled workers. . the egalitatain base refers to basic education. equal outcomes can be interpreted in 2 ways: strict def.: same target level is applied for every individual , broader def. accepts certain variation in individuals. In other words, individual differences are tolerated but the average outcomes among children from various social environments must be equalized resistnace to egalitarianism: postivie discrimination in favour of the underprivileged groups could be flipside of negative discrimination against them (white person with high score over black with low score- black gets priorty- contest educ is not a zero sum game in which better outcomes for one group are achived at the expense of poore results for another group. The key is to adapt reform and strategies that more equal outcomes go hand in hand with a sin-win sit for every one (ex. R3educed referral to SPED Educational Strategies for disadvantaged youth in 6 European countries By : I. Nicaise Intro Gen. level of educ is increased but has demonstrated that in most countries inequality is passed on unrelentingly .. social exclusion Social Equality in Education Current educ system filters, segregates and reproduces social inequality Dream of democratic educ sys- the dream of equal opportunites and unhindered social mobility. Everyone is entitled to benefit to a resonalbe extent from their education . Whether consciously or not, many harbour meritocratic view of education, it is assumed that everyone has equal opportunites but equal porofit is certainly not an aim because aaacdg to the theory, the unequal benefit from educ merely reflects the efforts and talents of each individual . As Goldthrope demosntatres, meritocratic ideology expliclty perceives unequal educational outcomes as fair. .. it hastily passess over the issue of the unequal socity in which education is rooted A priori opportunities are not equal and unequal outcomes are not fair 2. Equal Opportunity Strategies Integrated approach to poverty, inequality and social exc

Writing an Admissions Essay :: College Admissions Essays

Writing an Admissions Essay The process of writing—and writing admissions essays in particular—invites a consciously-constructed performance of the self. What I mean by this is that a text—any text—inevitably conveys some persona; and when that text is known as an autobiography or representation of the self, the persona of the text is under even more scrutiny. Andy Warhol, with whom we could never be sure of where the performance ended and where the self started, once said, â€Å"When I did my self-portrait, I left all the pimples out because you always should. . . . Always omit the blemishes—they’re not part of the good picture you want.† * This statement has relevance for any act of self-representation, including admissions essays. Because the essay is an acknowledged representation of the self, the student tries to omit â€Å"blemishes† or whatever material she thinks will make her unattractive to the school. She consciously tries to frame her essay so that it will project the particular kind of persona she thinks the admissions officers want to see. However much they tell you, â€Å"Just be yourself,† that’s hardly possible when so much rides on how that self is presented. Even more challenging than the decision of how to frame this self-portrait is the anxiety-producing task of choosing a topic. For example, in a recent New York Times article, a student lamented the fact that no one had died in her family thus leaving her without anything moving to write about. Admissions essays are an unusual and peculiar exercise, one in which we know the student performs. But the school is performing, too. The University, in particular, is known for its quirky and surprising essay questions. This quirkiness itself is a performance of a kind that seeks to attract a certain type of student, perhaps the creative or quirky.

The Desire to Conquer in Jesusville :: Character analysis, Jessy Belle the Second

The interlude in which Vee visits the museum of exotic dancers is quite interesting; I think one of the purposes of the scene was too reinforce the idea of rape that runs throughout the novel. Specifically with this idea of rape, I refer to the desire/need to conquer and to be conquered. This idea can be illustrated by several of the characters. The first character I will begin with is Jessie Belle. At the beginning of their adventure into the mountains, Jessie introduces her truck to Trace as â€Å"Jessie Belle the Second. My shadow Self† (pg 84). Trace then adds the comment, â€Å"Kind of like an alter ego† (pg 84). This becomes an interesting statement when we later receive a description of Jessie Belle with her truck. Cioffari writes that Trace was â€Å"impressed, too, by the skill she used to maneuver the old jeep, forcing it to do her will† (pg 85). If we consider Jessie Belle the Second as an extension of Jessie, then we can see a connection as to how Jessie is in need of conquering something within her. This need to conquer is manifested in her search for Joshua and the Salvia Divinorum. In finding the plant, Jessie is able to see Joshua for a final time through her hallucinations, and at the end of the novel seems to have â€Å"conquered† what she needed in order to move on. A second i nstance that reinforces this idea is the interlude which describes Jessie’s hallucination. Under the â€Å"influence† of the Salvia, Jessie dances and touches herself. It is through this act that we see Jessie’s consciousness, as it is under the influence of the plant, â€Å"conquering† her unconscious self –another illustration of Jessie’s need to conquer something within her. A second character that we see this idea manifested through is Father Martin. He, like Jessie, is in need of conquering something within. In his case it is his own doubts and fears. Attempting to calm his nerves, Father Martin paces to tire himself. He describes the night as having an â€Å"overpowering silence† and that the night â€Å"mocked his efforts† (pg 75). Father Martin hears the night taunting him, â€Å"Walk from here to kingdom come. For the next six hours I own you. I’ll do with you what I will.† A few pages later we see an encounter (arguably sexual) in which Martin conquers the silence through his act of ringing the bells.

The Olive Branch :: essays research papers

The Olive Branch   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Like dragonflies their [dead bodies] have filled the river. Like a raft they have moved to the edge [of the boat]. Like a raft they have moved to a river bank † (flood-myth.com, 3/15/00).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether the above is fact, fiction, myth, or legend it appears that all civilizations have a strong fascination with The Deluge. Bible believers feel that it was an act of God, who intern wanted to cleanse the earth of immoral people and evildoers. Chosen survivors, for example Noah, as well as present day Christians believe that the Flood was a marking point for a new covenant between God and themselves. However, the myths that have accumulated from each culture provide great colorful characters and death defying heros against the angst of the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often times the bible is compared to the â€Å"Gilgamesh Epic†, which is the oldest fictional novel known to man. The Babylonian epic tells a similar story of the flood. The gods within the story are very angered by humankind’s behavior. So they decided to punish them a flood. Ea, a Babylonian God, disagrees with extremely harsh treatment. He then instructs Utnapishtim to flee with his family and all the animals on a boat. This basic myth emerges from the â€Å"Gilgamesh Epic† but neighboring civilization, such as Sumeria, retell the same with different protagonist gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traveling east into China the flood legend seems to take on a new meaning. The myth is recorded around 1000 b.c. by the Chou Dynasty. â€Å"The main difference between the Chinese flood myth and that of Western cultures seems to be the emphasis on why there was a flood. In the Western Myths the floods are brought about because of the anger of the gods, or at a whim of the gods, while in the Chinese myth the emphasis is on a very practical matter, the channeling of unruly waters in such a way to make the cultivation of land possible.†( cybercomm.com ,15 March) In other words, the purpose of the flood was to create better farm land. There was no sense of divine intervention.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continuing east, the story picks up in the Mayan ruins. The â€Å"Popol-Vuh† , the Mayans sacred book, relates the tale of the destruction from flood. They felt that the purpose of the flood was to remedy the faulty creation of man, not to punish to mankind. The Feathered Serpent, who is the Mayan creator, first created man from mud, but they were without sight or substance.

Events Before Rizal Essay

Significant Events of the 19th Century ï‚â€" The collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. Liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe. The 19th century was an era of invention and discovery, with significant developments in technological advances of the 20th century. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines. World events (cont.) ï‚â€" Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease thus, accelerating population growth in the western world. ï‚â€" Slavery was greatly reduced around the world and banning slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. ï‚â€" Britain abolished slavery in 1834, America’s 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. French Revolution ï‚â€" A period of radical social and political upheaval in France where the absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. ï‚â€" The Storming of the Bastille and the subsequent Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was the catalyst of the French Revolution. ï‚â€" As a result, A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. The Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Louis XVI Executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France ever to be executed. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte ï‚â€" 1804–1814 ï‚â€" The First French Empire by Napolà ©on Bonaparte. ï‚â€" It brought order to France after the French Revolution. ï‚â€" His reign ushered Europe the Napoleonic Wars. ï‚â€" French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France’s disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812. ï‚â€" As a direct result of the Napoleonic wars the British Empire became the foremost world power for the next century. Napoleon Bonaparte Le Petit Corporal Battle of Austerlitz also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, as one of Napoleon Bonaparte’s greatest victories, effectively destroying the Third Coalition against the French Empire. French Failed Invasion of Russia December 1812 Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow December 1812 Out of an original force of 500,000– 600,000, only 40,000 frost-bitten and half starved survivors stumbled back into France. Battle of Waterloo 18 June 1815 The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon’s rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon’s Hundred Days of return from exile. The Rise of the Pax Britannica ï‚â€"Britain’s Imperial Century ï‚â€"It lasted from 1815 to 1914 ï‚â€"Around 10,000,000 square miles (25,899,881 km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. The British Empire Battle of Trafalgar October 1805 The battle was the most decisive British naval victory of the war. Nelson was shot on the quarterdeck. He died three hours later. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. He commanded the allied army which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo during the Hundred Days in 1815. Latin-American War of Independence ï‚â€" Lasted from 18th and early 19th centuries. ï‚â€" Haiti became the first colony to rebel against France and became independent in 1804. ï‚â€" Soon after, Mexico, Brazil and the rest of South America gradually gained their independence. ï‚â€" This weakened Spain and Portugal as they are depended with their Latin American colonies for raw materials. ï‚â€" This map shows the time period of the different war of independence in South America beginning with Haiti. Battle of Carabobo Venezuela Battle of San Domingo Haiti Independence of Brazil 1822 Battle of Boyaca Colombia Liberatores Simon Bolivar Peru Central South America Bernardo O’Higgins Chile Jose de San Martin Argentina Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico El Grito de Dolores Franà §ois-Dominique Toussaint L’ouverture Haiti Opium Wars ï‚â€" Also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were the climax of trade disputes and diplomatic difficulties between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire after China sought to restrict British opium traffickers. ï‚â€" First Opium War – 1839-1842 ï‚â€" Second Opium War – 1856-1860 ï‚â€" China was defeated in both wars leaving its government having to tolerate the opium trade. Unequal Treaties ï‚â€" Britain forced the Chinese government into signing the Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty of Tianjin, also known as the Unequal Treaties. ï‚â€" Included provisions for the opening of additional ports to unrestricted foreign trade, for fixed tariffs; for the recognition of both countries as equal in correspondence. ï‚â€" Secession of Hong Kong to Britain. American Civil War ï‚â€" Was a civil war in the United States of America from 1861 to 1865. ï‚â€" Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). ï‚â€" The main cause of this civil war was on the issue of slavery. ï‚â€" President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that freed of 3.1 million of the nation’s 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced in Confederate territories. Seceding States ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina First Flag of the Confederate States of America Stars and Bars Great Seal of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States of America Battle of Fort Sumter April 12–13, 1861 This event triggered the American Civil War Fort Sumter Flag Diamond-shaped star formation Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3, 1863 A Major Victory of the United States against the Confederacy Age of Enlightenment ï‚â€" The era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. ï‚â€" At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science. ï‚â€" The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of society. ï‚â€" This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance, and the organization of states into self-governing republics through democratic means. Scientific Revolution ï‚â€" A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science. ï‚â€" The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell. ï‚â€" New discoveries and inventions were established during this period such as the Spinning Jenny, Cotton gin, and steam power led to the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution ï‚â€" Economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. Literature ï‚â€" The new century opens with Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism. Writers of the th 19 Century ï‚â€" Alexandre Dumas, pere – The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers ï‚â€" Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol ï‚â€" Victor Hugo – Les Miserables, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ï‚â€" Hans Christian Andersen – The Little Mermaid, Thumbelina, The Ugly Duckling ï‚â€" Johann ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" Wolfgang von Goethe – Faust Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin Émile Zola – J’accuse Arthur Conan Doyle – Sherlock Holmes Bram Stoker – Dracula Bram Stoker Nathaniel Hawthorne Harriet Beecher Stowe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Alexandre Dumas, pere Arthur Conan Doyle Hans Christian Andersen Charles Dickens Emile Zola Victor Hugo Significant Events in Spain during the 19th Century ï‚â€" The Peninsular War was an opportunity for the Spanish colonies to declare independence from Spain. ï‚â€" Spain lost all her colonies in Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Rico. Florida was sold to the United States. ï‚â€" The Cadiz Constitution was a defining moment of liberalism in Spain. This will also give way to tensions between the Conservatives and Liberals. ï‚â€" The situation in Spain grow worse due to the Carlist Wars. Peninsular War ï‚â€" Was a contest between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. ï‚â€" Rey Carlos IV, along with his prime minister Manuel de Godoy, kept on switching sides during the Peninsular War resulting from his abdication in favor of his son, future Rey Fernando VII. Peninsular Wars (cont.) ï‚â€" After Spain’s surrender in 1808, Napoleon installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain. ï‚â€" Joseph never had full control of Spain due to the little wars (guerilla). ï‚â€" Juan Martà ­n Dà ­ez was among the leading guerilla. He was named El Empecinado (The Undaunted). ï‚â€" In 1814, Rey Fernando VII returned to Spain and restored the Bourbon rule in Spain. The Second of May 1808 (The Charge of the Mamelukes) Francisco Goya Rey Carlos IV De Jure King of Spain Joseph Bonaparte De Facto King of Spain Juan Martà ­n Dà ­ez El Empecinado (The Undaunted) Manuel de Godoy Prà ­ncipe de la Paz Carlos IV’s Prime Minister Rey Fernando VII King of Spain upon Restoration Spanish Constitution of 1812 ï‚â€" Also known as Cadiz Constitution, was made by the Liberals of Spain during the Peninsular War. ï‚â€" Liberal deputies were in the majority, and they wanted: ï‚â€" Equality before the law ï‚â€" A centralized government ï‚â€" An efficient modern civil service ï‚â€" A reform of the tax system ï‚â€" The replacement of feudal privileges by freedom of contract ï‚â€" The recognition of the property owner’s right to use his property as he saw fit. Cadiz Constitution (cont.) ï‚â€" The Cortes of Cà ¡diz worked feverishly, and the first written Spanish constitution was promulgated in the city of Cà ¡diz on March 12, 1812. ï‚â€" The Constitution of 1812 is regarded as the first example of classic liberalism in Spain, and one of the first worldwide. ï‚â€" During the early nineteenth century it served as a model for liberal constitutions of several Mediterranean and Latin American nations. ï‚â€" Rey Fernando VII promised support on the new constitution. But he later repealed it, backed by Conservatives and the Roman Catholic Church, citing that the constitution made by a Cortes assembled in his absence and without his consent. Florida Purchase ï‚â€" In 1819, Spain was forced to sell Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars. Carlist Wars ï‚â€" From 1833 to 1876. ï‚â€" This splintered the country into two factions known as the Cristinos (or Isabelinos) and the Carlists. ï‚â€" The Cristinos were the supporters of the Queen Regent, Isabella II and her government. ï‚â€" The Carlists were the supporters of Carlos V, a pretender to the throne and brother of the deceased Ferdinand VII. Reina Isabella II Daugther of Fernando VII Infante Carlos, Conde de Molina Brother of Fernando VII The Rise of the Ilustrado Class ï‚â€" They are from the middle class ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" society. They were the children of wealthy landowners. They were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. They were composed of nativeborn intellectuals and cut across ethno-linguistic and racial line. They sought reform through â€Å"a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power† under Spanish tutelage. Rapid Decline of Spanish Rule in the Philippines ï‚â€" Church power was at a decline in Europe and friars began pouring more to the Philippines. This proved to be problematic as friars gained more power. ï‚â€" More peninsulares began pouring into the colony and began occupying the various government positions traditionally held by the criollo or insulares. ï‚â€" The criollo or insulares, now almost disenfranchised from power, demanded representation in the Spanish Cortes where they could express their grievances.

The History of Antigua

The history of Antigua Antigua is an island where people wake up early to go to work or to school but most of the people who live there go to the market on Market Street. The name of Antigua and Barbuda’s capital is St. Johns. The language that is spoken in Antigua and Barbuda is English. The date that this country came into existence was November 1, 1981. The notable people who live in Antigua are Eric Clapton who is a guitar player, Giorgio Armani, and Ken Follett.The major landforms that are in Antigua and Barbuda are the Boom Point, the Devils Bridge and Mount Obama. There are also some major cities in Antigua such as Cedar Grove, Old Road, and Boland. The culture around Antigua is incredible. The clothes that the citizens wear have a condition to the tropical living. There are a lot of Holidays in Antigua that New Jersey doesn’t have like Good Friday, Carnival Monday, National Heroes day, and Whit.Antigua sells a lot of different kinds of foods at the market as cor n, chilies, guava, and mangos. The music in Antigua is a dabble of everything from reggae, to soca to zouk; styles are easily appreciated whether at a barbeque or playing online bingo. The kinds of religions that are in Antigua are Christians, Muslims, Hindus, and Jews. The government uses the Parliamentary System. Antigua’s population is at 89,612 and counting.The native animals that live in Antigua are the Antiguan Racer, Redonda Anole, Antiguan Ground Lizard, and the Barbuda Warbler. The name of the flag is Antigua and Barbuda. If you ever visit Antigua here are some travel tips. First, the taxes are the same as in the United States. There is 10-15% depending on the service. Second, the electricity, part of the island is 110 volts and the remainder is 220 volts. Most of the hotels have both voltages available. This has been the research of Antigua and Barbuda. Research Paper