Example Of Just World Bias - 1262 Words

Our study two picks up where we left off in study one. We will continue to study the belief in a just world bias. This study is to see if by adding more information about the victim will alter the degree in which they blame the victim. We will be providing either information about the victim previously being a bully, or information that is neutral about the victim. The conditions we will be focusing on would be participants being in either: the rejected and told neutral information about the victim condition, the rejected and told information about the victim previously being a bully condition, the deserved and told neutral information about the victim condition, and lastly the deserved and told information about the victim previously†¦show more content†¦Johnson, Mullick, and Mulford (2002), created a study to try to determine if victim blaming is simply a general variable that is within people, or if victim blaming depending on a more specific variable suck as the type of victim that is being considered. They began by setting up four scales in which they can test for the type of blaming. The scales consisted of society in general, specific kind of victim, the society in which the victims live in, and the victims in general. Johnson and colleagues (2002) administered a survey to 876 students who were in large introductory sociology classes at a state university located in the Midwestern part of the United States. Their results showed that both the general and specific victim blaming were significant and were positively correlated. On the other hand, victim blaming and society blaming showed no significant correlation (Johnson, Mullick, Mulford, 2002). This ties into our study because part of what we are trying to find out is if the victim blaming is more prevalent when our participants know more specifics about the victim compared to when only general information is known about the victim. One of the main aspects we are investigating in our second study is to see if there are any significant differences in victim blaming when participants are either given information about the victim previously being a bully themselves, or when given neutral informationShow MoreRelatedDo Girls Can Do Better? Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pages Parents of girls vary in their way of instilling this gender bias. Often girls are encouraged not to play with the boys, to dress a certain way to avoid looking â€Å"manly† or to play with dolls instead of trucks. For centuries women have been denied the same rights as men. But Why? Women and men have the same physical and intellectual capabilities, yet gender bias still exists. Women are seen are weaker and inferior to men. Gender bias remains in education, athletics and especially the workforce. ThereRead MoreBias in the Media Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves. In the numerous news sources that cover world evens daily there are certain viewpoints that are thrust into the public’s face. This highly opinionated and biased news coverage has been present since there was news to report on. From WWII and onwards there has been a steady increase in the number of news corporations, which in turn has caused an increase in viewpoints on news coverage. 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An example of this would be if you have negativity bias and meet a new person with many positive traitsRead MoreGame for Boys or Girls1254 Words   |  6 Pagesme that 13 years ago there was gender segregation in the digital world of video games on who the games where made for, girls or boys. From my 15 year of experience playing hundreds of video games I never thought of g ames being gender biased till now. To me girls didn’t play them because they were just not into video games and would rather play with dolls. Jenkins states that traditional culture in video games is not fixing gender bias games but rather making the gender segregation stay (p. 713). JenkinsRead MoreDecision Making Reflection Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore that discussed bias in argument. However, it was surprising to see that I committed these biases on the quiz, even if I was extremely cautious in my positioning and reasoning based on what I learned from my logic class. Although it may seem that these biases are only caused by an erroneous mistake, a lot of people have the same bias. The percentiles for each bias were surprising. It shows how simple it is to commit the bias and it shows that biases are common in our world. Furthermore, it seemsRead MoreInfluence Of Cognitive Biases On Decisions1142 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypes, however, studies in unconscious bi as now reveal that we all are guilty of using stereotypes, all the time, without knowing it. Finally, the antagonist of equality has been found, and it is us. With a limited perspective, we all have a bias view of the world, this is because we are only capable of hearing, seeing, and reading what is around us. A definitive version of reality is not subject to one person. Our position in society helps inform our world view, such as, our race, class, gender

Why Should Ratify The Constitution - 803 Words

Right now a debate is accruing about weather or not we should ratify the constitution. This is an important moment in our country history because if we ratify the constitution it could make our country better or make it worse.We are at a crossroads in the history of our country. The Articles of Confederation are not working. They give the states too much power and are too weak. We can not pay our debts as a nation.The proposed Constitution would give us a strong government so that we can rise money through taxes. It could create a strong system of representatives. For these reasons I think we should ratify the Constitution. One reason to ratify the Constitution is with the Constitution we could rise the money we need through taxes to pay off debts.According to the speech given by delegate James Wilson it is the federal government s job to protect our nation, support the dignity of the union, and pay off the nations debts. it is the federal government’s duty to provide for the national safety, to support the dignity of the union, and to pay the country’s debts.For the government to protect our nation we need to pay, feed, and provide shelter for all of our soldiers. To do that we need money and we get the money from taxes. To keep our nations dignity we need to pay off our debts and we can t do that without money and the money comes from taxes that aren t being fully payed.This quote of James Wilson says that the government should get to tax people directly in casesShow MoreRelatedShould We Ratify The Constitution?811 Words   |  4 Pageswe should ratify the Constitution. This is an impor tant moment in our countries history.It is important to our countries history because if we ratify the Constitution the Executive branch would have all of the power. If we didn t ratify the Constitution the states would have power. The proposed Constitution would give the Executive branch the right to tax the American citizens and the states wouldn t be able to say no to it. My position is an Anti-Federalist. One reason we should not ratify theRead Morecompany law Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION 1 Issue: the issue about company’s constitution and whether the loan contract between ABC bank and Sambal Pty Ltd is invalid. State the law: Section 140 of the corporations act states that: â€Å"A company’s constitution (if any) and any replaceable rules that apple to the company have effect as a contract: (a) Between the company and each member; and (b) Between the company and each director and company secretary; and (c) Between a member and each other member; Apply the law: AccordingRead MoreThe Rights We Now Have Because Of Our Forefathers1505 Words   |  7 Pagesenough history followed with the Constitution. Many people played a role in the development and this paper will examine the Federalists and their counterparts the non-federalist. This paper will also show the timeline pertaining to the articles of confederation and compare it to the constitution. To believe in something we need to understand why we need to do it in the first place. Why do we need to be governed and given a list of rules to be treated fairly? 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Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance Free Essays

Entrepreneurial Finance Philippe Gregoire Louvain School of Management – Universite catholique de Louvain Reference book : Entrepreneurial finance, a casebook. Paul A. Gompers and William A. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sahlman. John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2002 1 Entrepreneurial finance Project assessment (POCD) Funding (amount, firm’s value, best partner) Deal (ownership / control / incentives) Exit (IPO) Project Assessment †¢ 4 critical success factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? People Opportunity Deal Context 3 People I’d rather back a ‘A’ team with a ‘B’ idea than a ‘B’ team with an ‘A’ idea †¢ Who are the key players What is their experience †¢ How does this experience prepare or not prepare them for the opportunity that exists †¢ What are strengths and weakness of the people involved on all sides of the transaction †¢ Are there key individuals that the company should add or replace 4 Opportunity †¢ New product / service ? Smartphone, †¢ New method of delivery ? Amazon. com †¢ New production technique ? Ernest Solvay patent (1861) to manufacture soda ash (enter in detergent, glass, â € ¦) †¢ Is there a sustainable competitive advantage †¢ Must the opportunity be exploited immediately †¢ Are there intermediate milestones 5 Deal †¢ Spending money is not enough. Incentives and contingencies are important considerations. ? Key to all these structural features is the concept of the entrepreneur earning his/her equity through value creation. †¢ Moral hazard and adverse selection ? Entrepreneur bear the downside risk †¢ Choice of appropriate investors ? for whom you raise capital is often more important than the terms †¢ Selection of the proper financial instrument ? ? ? Debt Equities Convertibles / preferred convertibles 6 Securities held by Venture Capitalists †¢ (Source: Kaplan-Stromberg, 2003) Context †¢ Competition †¢ Regulation †¢ International environment †¢ Economic conditions 8 Introduction to entrepreneurial finance †¢ Finance ? Study of value and resources allocation (capital budgeting) †¢ †¢ †¢ Value of cash stream = f(magnitude, timing, riskiness) Economic value = Expected return = PV ? ? T t ? 1 E? Rt ? ? rf ? Risk premium CFt ? 1 ? E ? Rt t ? Cost of capital †¢ Capital rationing †¢ Entrepreneurship ? Focus on opportunities rather than controlling existing resources †¢ Entrepreneurial finance ? ? Financial management within entrepreneurial firms Study on both sides of the balanced sheet 9 The Balance Sheet of a Corporation Assets = use of funds Current (Short-term) assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventories Others (various claims) Fixed (long-term) assets Land Buildings Machineries Equipment Liabilities = sources of funds (Capital structure) Current (Short-term) Liabilities Accounts payable Short-term debt †¦ Long-term Liabilities: Equity: Provided by shareholders (= owners of the company) Long-term Debt: Provided by creditors such as banks 10 Others Accounting Income versus Cash Flow †¢ Cash income ? ccounting income †¢ Whereas accountants try to match revenues with expenses, managers and investors focus on the difference between cash inflow and cash outflow. †¢ Cash flow = the amount of cash income (= inflow – outflow of cash) that is generated in any period †¢ Formally, 11 The Cash Cycle of a Firm †¢ Cash cycle: average time between when a firm pays for its inventory and when it rece ives cash from the sale of its product 12 Sources of Entrepreneurial Finance Bootstrapping Stock markets (IPO) 3Fs Leasing Governmental organizations 13 Section 1. Investment analysis Module 1. A : Source of value ? ? Introduction to entrepreneurial finance Case study †¢ Module 1. B : Financial statements and pro forma models ? Case study †¢ Module 1. C : Purchasing firms, buyouts, and valuation ? ? Valuation in entrepreneurial finance Case study †¢ Additional (Optional) Reading and References: Smith/Smith: Entrepreneurial Finance, Wiley Edition. Sahlman/Stevenson/Roberts/Bhide: The Entrepreneurial Venture, HBS Press. 14 Section 2. Financing the entrepreneurial firm †¢ Module 2. A : Venture capital ? ? Private equity Case study †¢ Module 2. B : Angel financing ? Case study 15 Section 3. Harvesting †¢ Module 3. A : Initial Public Offerings ? ? IPO process Case study †¢ Module 3. B : Acquisitions ? Case study 16 Module 1A. Sources of value †¢ 4 stages of entrepreneurship ? ? ? ? Identifying opportunities Acquiring the financial, professional, and productive resources Implementing a plan of actions Harvesting the rewards †¢ 4 critical success factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? People Opportunity Deal Context 17 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 18 Business Case Success as one of the early AOL Greenhouse companies – 3-book deal with Bantam Doubleday – Strong interest from advertisers – Significant traffic at its website 2 issues – Out of cash within 3 months – Race for scale economies on the internet To build the country ‘s number-one wedding resource, Liu needs 10 millio ns 19 People (Core founding team) †¢ †¢ All media people with experience in software, video, etc. Good understanding of design and presentation †¢ Lack of operational expertise, retail experience, and marketing 20 Opportunity †¢ †¢ †¢ Stable number of wedding Recessions have very little impact Event tied to significant expenditures ? ? Wedding party Guests †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Size of the market (35 billion) High advertising rate Stagnant competition, lethargic and not very innovative Couples planning to get married ? ? ? have relatively high income Are fairly young plan major life purchases ? are not very price sensitive 21 Opportunity ? Cash Flow Transformed the opportunity into cash flow = Business model = set of factors that together determine the cash flows a company can generate and create value The Knot : registry / advertising / merchandise / publishing and others 2 22 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 23 Valuation †¢ Cash flow is the source of value †¢ To date, the Knot has posted losses and is expected to post losses for at least 2 more years †¢ It is difficult to use earnings to estimate the probability of generating fu ture cash flows. †¢ Revenues and mix of revenues appear to be a better measure †¢ Multiple of revenues method. Compare to firms on the basis of ? ? ? ? Stage of development Business model Target market size Size of the investment round 24 List of comparable transactions 25 Discount cash flow analysis Most forecasts are widely optimistic. Discounted cash flow valuations only work when one gets an estimate of the expected CF 26 Actual income statement 27 Split of Revenues 28 Forecasted statement of cash flows 29 Actual statement of cash flows In Millions of USD (except for per share items) Net Income/Starting Line Depreciation/Depletion Amortization Deferred Taxes Non-Cash Items Changes in Working Capital Cash from Operating Activities 2011 5. 99 3. 74 0. 96 2. 78 11. 89 -1. 31 24. 05 2010 3. 65 3. 43 1. 78 2. 3 8 -8. 11 11. 06 2009 -4. 87 4. 75 5. 09 -1. 6 13. 83 -4. 92 12. 33 2008 4. 13 4. 84 3. 98 0. 56 6. 16 0. 2 19. 87 30 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 31 Initial deal †¢ Initial investment : strategic partner ? Expect from AOL money, exposure and distribution  « more than just dollars to the deal  » AOL invested 1. 85 million in return for 45%, for royalt ies amounting to 20% of ad revenues on The Knot’s AOL site and a lesser % of ad revenues on The Knot’s internet site. ? †¢ The deal with AOL provided instant reach and credibility to The Knot †¢ Is the deal expensive for The Knot? 32 Ownership after AOL deal 33 Financing the Knot (new deal) 34 Convertible preferred †¢ Preferred has higher priority than common stock ? In the event of a firm’s sale or liquidation, holders of preferred stock get paid before common stockholders do. Entrepreneurs have greater incentive because if things don’t go well, the investor will be paid first Downside risk is borne by the entrepreneur ? ? †¢ Tax considerations ? Entrepreneurs pay taxes on the value of common stock that they have received. ? Investing in preferred stock does not change the price of common stocks. 35 Financing the Knot Why should they invest? To develop The Knot brand, to build out the technological infrastructure, to develop the gift registry business ? Practically, The Knot needs capital to fund the payroll and pay for day-to-day operating expenses †¢ How much money? Forecasted statement of cash flow †¢ Who should invest in The Knot? Business Angel, Venture Capitalist, Strategi c Partner †¢ How should they value The Knot? Comparable deals on the market, multiple of revenues 36 Investor’s profile †¢ Angels + Higher valuation + – Someone with an experience in the registry business Limited capital ? ay not be able to provide capital in the future if needed Less helpful in recruiting others to the team †¢ Venture Capitalist + + – Large pools of capital and make multiple rounds of investment Network of contacts in the management and financial community Lower valuation †¢ Strategic partner + + – Experience in the business (retailer, wedding registries,†¦) Provide distribution and name recognition Conflicts of interest 37 What happened? May 1998, Venture Capitalist invested $3m for 22% ? $10. 6m pre-money valuation (3/(10. 6+3)=22%) April 1999, Venture Capitalist invested $15m December 1999, IPO 38 How to cite Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance, Papers

Proteins Essay Example For Students

Proteins Essay Two Animal Products vs. Two Protein Amino Acid SupplementsThe Protein and Amino Acid supplement make claims to build lean muscle mass in conjunction with a healthy diet and exercise (especially weight training). Protein and Amino Acid supplement companies advocate eating 6-8 small healthy meals a day which allows the body to use food more efficiently throughout the day for increased energy and performance. The theory protein supplements are based on is that the body constantly needs an efficient supply of protein in a low fat and cholesterol form to help prevent muscle catabolism and meat proteins. Catabolism is when your body has varied levels of Cortisol, which eats lean muscle mass. Vitamins and minerals are added to the protein supplements and also Amino Acids. Complete forms of amino acids are necessary to inner-case lean body mass. Extra L-Glutamine is added which supposedly helps prevent (OTS) Over Training Syndrome which is usually followed by (DOMS) Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and weakened immunity. Taurine is also added to both protein supplements to help shuttle the amino acids and carbohydrates by mimicking the power of insulin. All these claims may make sense on paper or a few studies but none of these statements have been evaluated by the food and drug administration and is long term safety has not yet been tested or evaluated. Animal products compared were tuna (water) and chicken (breast). The chicken was $5.89/lb and the tuna was $0.79 for a 2 oz. can compared to Protein supplements and meal replacements which are around $3.00-$4.00 a serving. Both chicken breast and tuna are good sources of protein without much fat (saturated) and cholesterol. Meat products do not have the dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals added like protein supplements but vitamins and minerals, can be easily supplemented by whole food sources and proper nutrition. Protein supplements can consume therefore the extra protein is wasted and excreted from the body. For the average person protein supplements are not necessary if their dietary needs are met through whole food sources. Bibliography: