Example Of Just World Bias - 1262 Words

Our study two picks up where we left off in study one. We will continue to study the belief in a just world bias. This study is to see if by adding more information about the victim will alter the degree in which they blame the victim. We will be providing either information about the victim previously being a bully, or information that is neutral about the victim. The conditions we will be focusing on would be participants being in either: the rejected and told neutral information about the victim condition, the rejected and told information about the victim previously being a bully condition, the deserved and told neutral information about the victim condition, and lastly the deserved and told information about the victim previously†¦show more content†¦Johnson, Mullick, and Mulford (2002), created a study to try to determine if victim blaming is simply a general variable that is within people, or if victim blaming depending on a more specific variable suck as the type of victim that is being considered. They began by setting up four scales in which they can test for the type of blaming. The scales consisted of society in general, specific kind of victim, the society in which the victims live in, and the victims in general. Johnson and colleagues (2002) administered a survey to 876 students who were in large introductory sociology classes at a state university located in the Midwestern part of the United States. Their results showed that both the general and specific victim blaming were significant and were positively correlated. On the other hand, victim blaming and society blaming showed no significant correlation (Johnson, Mullick, Mulford, 2002). This ties into our study because part of what we are trying to find out is if the victim blaming is more prevalent when our participants know more specifics about the victim compared to when only general information is known about the victim. One of the main aspects we are investigating in our second study is to see if there are any significant differences in victim blaming when participants are either given information about the victim previously being a bully themselves, or when given neutral informationShow MoreRelatedDo Girls Can Do Better? Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pages Parents of girls vary in their way of instilling this gender bias. Often girls are encouraged not to play with the boys, to dress a certain way to avoid looking â€Å"manly† or to play with dolls instead of trucks. For centuries women have been denied the same rights as men. But Why? Women and men have the same physical and intellectual capabilities, yet gender bias still exists. Women are seen are weaker and inferior to men. Gender bias remains in education, athletics and especially the workforce. ThereRead MoreBias in the Media Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves. In the numerous news sources that cover world evens daily there are certain viewpoints that are thrust into the public’s face. This highly opinionated and biased news coverage has been present since there was news to report on. From WWII and onwards there has been a steady increase in the number of news corporations, which in turn has caused an increase in viewpoints on news coverage. Americans get this biased view of current world events because owners as well as reporters deliberatelyRead MoreDoes The Truth Really Matter Essay720 Words   |  3 PagesDoes the Truth Really Matter? In today’s world, there are plenty of news articles and gossip floating around all over the place for people to get their hands on. Have you ever thought to yourself that the article you just read or the ad you just watched was fake? Currently, there are tons of falsified information being placed on the internet or TV for us to see. We begin to think it’s nothing and just shrug it off, but what we do not realize is that fake news is taking over, and we no longer canRead MoreTruth737 Words   |  3 Pagesthought to yourself that the article that was just read or the ad that someone just viewed was fake? Currently, there is a substantial amount of false information that is being placed throughout the internet and our televisions for viewers to see. We begin to think it’s nothing and just shrug it off, but what we do not realize is that fake news is taking over, and we no longer can tell what is true, or what is false. Is the truth important in today’s world ? While doing research, I discovered that peopleRead MoreThe Self-Serving Bias Essay624 Words   |  3 Pageseveryone in the world hates your guts. Generally, most individuals perceive their selves as being better than average. We are familiar with our own talents, thoughts, feelings, and emotions more so than anybody elses. This leads to a self-serving bias. In the comic, Bongo reassures himself of his greatness until he looks in the mirror. The mirror causes Bongo to be more self-aware of his uncertainty. I chose this particular comic not only because it illistrates the self-serving bias, but also becauseRead MoreMedia Bias And Its Effect On Society1499 Words   |  6 Pagesnot theirs originally, instead of making their own. This has effect on many. Rapidly it has caused debate on issues everywhere, causing bias to seem good, bad and different in lack of perception. Media bias is out of control! The media today often become so consumed with pleasing people. Viewpoint of another can be immoral and affect many. The affected media bias has on one person is one of the most important things. With media exposure and the perfect body standard it helps the unrealistic beautyRead MoreBias And Perception Of Bias1486 Words   |  6 Pagessaid that conservatives have a greater negative bias than liberals. Negativity bias is a cognitive bias that puts more attention and importance on negative experiences and information. A bias is defined as a tendency to perceive things in a distorted manner that alters our way of thinking. Negativity bias makes negative information impact behavior and perception more than positive information. An example of this would be if you have negativity bias and meet a new person with many positive traitsRead MoreGame for Boys or Girls1254 Words   |  6 Pagesme that 13 years ago there was gender segregation in the digital world of video games on who the games where made for, girls or boys. From my 15 year of experience playing hundreds of video games I never thought of g ames being gender biased till now. To me girls didn’t play them because they were just not into video games and would rather play with dolls. Jenkins states that traditional culture in video games is not fixing gender bias games but rather making the gender segregation stay (p. 713). JenkinsRead MoreDecision Making Reflection Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore that discussed bias in argument. However, it was surprising to see that I committed these biases on the quiz, even if I was extremely cautious in my positioning and reasoning based on what I learned from my logic class. Although it may seem that these biases are only caused by an erroneous mistake, a lot of people have the same bias. The percentiles for each bias were surprising. It shows how simple it is to commit the bias and it shows that biases are common in our world. Furthermore, it seemsRead MoreInfluence Of Cognitive Biases On Decisions1142 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypes, however, studies in unconscious bi as now reveal that we all are guilty of using stereotypes, all the time, without knowing it. Finally, the antagonist of equality has been found, and it is us. With a limited perspective, we all have a bias view of the world, this is because we are only capable of hearing, seeing, and reading what is around us. A definitive version of reality is not subject to one person. Our position in society helps inform our world view, such as, our race, class, gender

Why Should Ratify The Constitution - 803 Words

Right now a debate is accruing about weather or not we should ratify the constitution. This is an important moment in our country history because if we ratify the constitution it could make our country better or make it worse.We are at a crossroads in the history of our country. The Articles of Confederation are not working. They give the states too much power and are too weak. We can not pay our debts as a nation.The proposed Constitution would give us a strong government so that we can rise money through taxes. It could create a strong system of representatives. For these reasons I think we should ratify the Constitution. One reason to ratify the Constitution is with the Constitution we could rise the money we need through taxes to pay off debts.According to the speech given by delegate James Wilson it is the federal government s job to protect our nation, support the dignity of the union, and pay off the nations debts. it is the federal government’s duty to provide for the national safety, to support the dignity of the union, and to pay the country’s debts.For the government to protect our nation we need to pay, feed, and provide shelter for all of our soldiers. To do that we need money and we get the money from taxes. To keep our nations dignity we need to pay off our debts and we can t do that without money and the money comes from taxes that aren t being fully payed.This quote of James Wilson says that the government should get to tax people directly in casesShow MoreRelatedShould We Ratify The Constitution?811 Words   |  4 Pageswe should ratify the Constitution. This is an impor tant moment in our countries history.It is important to our countries history because if we ratify the Constitution the Executive branch would have all of the power. If we didn t ratify the Constitution the states would have power. The proposed Constitution would give the Executive branch the right to tax the American citizens and the states wouldn t be able to say no to it. My position is an Anti-Federalist. One reason we should not ratify theRead Morecompany law Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿QUESTION 1 Issue: the issue about company’s constitution and whether the loan contract between ABC bank and Sambal Pty Ltd is invalid. State the law: Section 140 of the corporations act states that: â€Å"A company’s constitution (if any) and any replaceable rules that apple to the company have effect as a contract: (a) Between the company and each member; and (b) Between the company and each director and company secretary; and (c) Between a member and each other member; Apply the law: AccordingRead MoreThe Rights We Now Have Because Of Our Forefathers1505 Words   |  7 Pagesenough history followed with the Constitution. Many people played a role in the development and this paper will examine the Federalists and their counterparts the non-federalist. This paper will also show the timeline pertaining to the articles of confederation and compare it to the constitution. To believe in something we need to understand why we need to do it in the first place. Why do we need to be governed and given a list of rules to be treated fairly? 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Evaluate James Madison’s claim in Federalist 43 that the Constitution â€Å"guards equally against the extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable, and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults.† Some critics of the amending process contend that amendments, once proposed, should be submitted to popular vote, bypassing state legislatures. Do you agree or disagree? Why? P1. According to professorRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation From A New Constitution1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper is to talk about the different actions taken to replace the Articles of Confederation to bring about a new Constitution. I will first start out by giving some background on the Article of Confederation as to what it was and why it was important for the US? Secondly, I will provide the reader with some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Article of Confederation. Why did the Article of Confederation fail? 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The constitution established America’s national government and provided the fundamental framework for the present and future legal parameters by which the american people would be governed by. The Constitution was officially signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia during a constitutional convention. In order for the constitution to actually be an official document, it had to have beenRead MoreThe Development to The United States Constitution Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Americans select the constitutional order they did in 1787-1789, and why did they reject a more democratic and confederal form not more than a decade old? In 1787, twenty-nine delegates convened in Philadelphia to tweak the Articles of Confederation. Some delegates, however, arrived with the intention of creating a completely new constitution. James Madison proposed the Virginia Plan, a plan which advocated a balanced, three-branch method of government with a bicameral, or two-house,Read MoreThe Dispute That Disconcertingly Didn t Win1872 Words   |  8 PagesThe Dispute That Disconcertingly Didn’t Win It is June of 1789. Nearly a year has passed since the ratification of the Constitution. Imagine your children and wife waking you up and asking you what is for dinner. You are not sure what to say because you lost your farm due to paying off debts. This endures and then something tragic transpires. Your youngest child perishes. In the 1780s there were two diverse types of people with dissimilar lifestyles. These encompassed Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance Free Essays

Entrepreneurial Finance Philippe Gregoire Louvain School of Management – Universite catholique de Louvain Reference book : Entrepreneurial finance, a casebook. Paul A. Gompers and William A. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sahlman. John Wiley Sons, Inc. 2002 1 Entrepreneurial finance Project assessment (POCD) Funding (amount, firm’s value, best partner) Deal (ownership / control / incentives) Exit (IPO) Project Assessment †¢ 4 critical success factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? People Opportunity Deal Context 3 People I’d rather back a ‘A’ team with a ‘B’ idea than a ‘B’ team with an ‘A’ idea †¢ Who are the key players What is their experience †¢ How does this experience prepare or not prepare them for the opportunity that exists †¢ What are strengths and weakness of the people involved on all sides of the transaction †¢ Are there key individuals that the company should add or replace 4 Opportunity †¢ New product / service ? Smartphone, †¢ New method of delivery ? Amazon. com †¢ New production technique ? Ernest Solvay patent (1861) to manufacture soda ash (enter in detergent, glass, â € ¦) †¢ Is there a sustainable competitive advantage †¢ Must the opportunity be exploited immediately †¢ Are there intermediate milestones 5 Deal †¢ Spending money is not enough. Incentives and contingencies are important considerations. ? Key to all these structural features is the concept of the entrepreneur earning his/her equity through value creation. †¢ Moral hazard and adverse selection ? Entrepreneur bear the downside risk †¢ Choice of appropriate investors ? for whom you raise capital is often more important than the terms †¢ Selection of the proper financial instrument ? ? ? Debt Equities Convertibles / preferred convertibles 6 Securities held by Venture Capitalists †¢ (Source: Kaplan-Stromberg, 2003) Context †¢ Competition †¢ Regulation †¢ International environment †¢ Economic conditions 8 Introduction to entrepreneurial finance †¢ Finance ? Study of value and resources allocation (capital budgeting) †¢ †¢ †¢ Value of cash stream = f(magnitude, timing, riskiness) Economic value = Expected return = PV ? ? T t ? 1 E? Rt ? ? rf ? Risk premium CFt ? 1 ? E ? Rt t ? Cost of capital †¢ Capital rationing †¢ Entrepreneurship ? Focus on opportunities rather than controlling existing resources †¢ Entrepreneurial finance ? ? Financial management within entrepreneurial firms Study on both sides of the balanced sheet 9 The Balance Sheet of a Corporation Assets = use of funds Current (Short-term) assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventories Others (various claims) Fixed (long-term) assets Land Buildings Machineries Equipment Liabilities = sources of funds (Capital structure) Current (Short-term) Liabilities Accounts payable Short-term debt †¦ Long-term Liabilities: Equity: Provided by shareholders (= owners of the company) Long-term Debt: Provided by creditors such as banks 10 Others Accounting Income versus Cash Flow †¢ Cash income ? ccounting income †¢ Whereas accountants try to match revenues with expenses, managers and investors focus on the difference between cash inflow and cash outflow. †¢ Cash flow = the amount of cash income (= inflow – outflow of cash) that is generated in any period †¢ Formally, 11 The Cash Cycle of a Firm †¢ Cash cycle: average time between when a firm pays for its inventory and when it rece ives cash from the sale of its product 12 Sources of Entrepreneurial Finance Bootstrapping Stock markets (IPO) 3Fs Leasing Governmental organizations 13 Section 1. Investment analysis Module 1. A : Source of value ? ? Introduction to entrepreneurial finance Case study †¢ Module 1. B : Financial statements and pro forma models ? Case study †¢ Module 1. C : Purchasing firms, buyouts, and valuation ? ? Valuation in entrepreneurial finance Case study †¢ Additional (Optional) Reading and References: Smith/Smith: Entrepreneurial Finance, Wiley Edition. Sahlman/Stevenson/Roberts/Bhide: The Entrepreneurial Venture, HBS Press. 14 Section 2. Financing the entrepreneurial firm †¢ Module 2. A : Venture capital ? ? Private equity Case study †¢ Module 2. B : Angel financing ? Case study 15 Section 3. Harvesting †¢ Module 3. A : Initial Public Offerings ? ? IPO process Case study †¢ Module 3. B : Acquisitions ? Case study 16 Module 1A. Sources of value †¢ 4 stages of entrepreneurship ? ? ? ? Identifying opportunities Acquiring the financial, professional, and productive resources Implementing a plan of actions Harvesting the rewards †¢ 4 critical success factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? People Opportunity Deal Context 17 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 18 Business Case Success as one of the early AOL Greenhouse companies – 3-book deal with Bantam Doubleday – Strong interest from advertisers – Significant traffic at its website 2 issues – Out of cash within 3 months – Race for scale economies on the internet To build the country ‘s number-one wedding resource, Liu needs 10 millio ns 19 People (Core founding team) †¢ †¢ All media people with experience in software, video, etc. Good understanding of design and presentation †¢ Lack of operational expertise, retail experience, and marketing 20 Opportunity †¢ †¢ †¢ Stable number of wedding Recessions have very little impact Event tied to significant expenditures ? ? Wedding party Guests †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Size of the market (35 billion) High advertising rate Stagnant competition, lethargic and not very innovative Couples planning to get married ? ? ? have relatively high income Are fairly young plan major life purchases ? are not very price sensitive 21 Opportunity ? Cash Flow Transformed the opportunity into cash flow = Business model = set of factors that together determine the cash flows a company can generate and create value The Knot : registry / advertising / merchandise / publishing and others 2 22 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 23 Valuation †¢ Cash flow is the source of value †¢ To date, the Knot has posted losses and is expected to post losses for at least 2 more years †¢ It is difficult to use earnings to estimate the probability of generating fu ture cash flows. †¢ Revenues and mix of revenues appear to be a better measure †¢ Multiple of revenues method. Compare to firms on the basis of ? ? ? ? Stage of development Business model Target market size Size of the investment round 24 List of comparable transactions 25 Discount cash flow analysis Most forecasts are widely optimistic. Discounted cash flow valuations only work when one gets an estimate of the expected CF 26 Actual income statement 27 Split of Revenues 28 Forecasted statement of cash flows 29 Actual statement of cash flows In Millions of USD (except for per share items) Net Income/Starting Line Depreciation/Depletion Amortization Deferred Taxes Non-Cash Items Changes in Working Capital Cash from Operating Activities 2011 5. 99 3. 74 0. 96 2. 78 11. 89 -1. 31 24. 05 2010 3. 65 3. 43 1. 78 2. 3 8 -8. 11 11. 06 2009 -4. 87 4. 75 5. 09 -1. 6 13. 83 -4. 92 12. 33 2008 4. 13 4. 84 3. 98 0. 56 6. 16 0. 2 19. 87 30 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 31 Initial deal †¢ Initial investment : strategic partner ? Expect from AOL money, exposure and distribution  « more than just dollars to the deal  » AOL invested 1. 85 million in return for 45%, for royalt ies amounting to 20% of ad revenues on The Knot’s AOL site and a lesser % of ad revenues on The Knot’s internet site. ? †¢ The deal with AOL provided instant reach and credibility to The Knot †¢ Is the deal expensive for The Knot? 32 Ownership after AOL deal 33 Financing the Knot (new deal) 34 Convertible preferred †¢ Preferred has higher priority than common stock ? In the event of a firm’s sale or liquidation, holders of preferred stock get paid before common stockholders do. Entrepreneurs have greater incentive because if things don’t go well, the investor will be paid first Downside risk is borne by the entrepreneur ? ? †¢ Tax considerations ? Entrepreneurs pay taxes on the value of common stock that they have received. ? Investing in preferred stock does not change the price of common stocks. 35 Financing the Knot Why should they invest? To develop The Knot brand, to build out the technological infrastructure, to develop the gift registry business ? Practically, The Knot needs capital to fund the payroll and pay for day-to-day operating expenses †¢ How much money? Forecasted statement of cash flow †¢ Who should invest in The Knot? Business Angel, Venture Capitalist, Strategi c Partner †¢ How should they value The Knot? Comparable deals on the market, multiple of revenues 36 Investor’s profile †¢ Angels + Higher valuation + – Someone with an experience in the registry business Limited capital ? ay not be able to provide capital in the future if needed Less helpful in recruiting others to the team †¢ Venture Capitalist + + – Large pools of capital and make multiple rounds of investment Network of contacts in the management and financial community Lower valuation †¢ Strategic partner + + – Experience in the business (retailer, wedding registries,†¦) Provide distribution and name recognition Conflicts of interest 37 What happened? May 1998, Venture Capitalist invested $3m for 22% ? $10. 6m pre-money valuation (3/(10. 6+3)=22%) April 1999, Venture Capitalist invested $15m December 1999, IPO 38 How to cite Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance, Papers

Proteins Essay Example For Students

Proteins Essay Two Animal Products vs. Two Protein Amino Acid SupplementsThe Protein and Amino Acid supplement make claims to build lean muscle mass in conjunction with a healthy diet and exercise (especially weight training). Protein and Amino Acid supplement companies advocate eating 6-8 small healthy meals a day which allows the body to use food more efficiently throughout the day for increased energy and performance. The theory protein supplements are based on is that the body constantly needs an efficient supply of protein in a low fat and cholesterol form to help prevent muscle catabolism and meat proteins. Catabolism is when your body has varied levels of Cortisol, which eats lean muscle mass. Vitamins and minerals are added to the protein supplements and also Amino Acids. Complete forms of amino acids are necessary to inner-case lean body mass. Extra L-Glutamine is added which supposedly helps prevent (OTS) Over Training Syndrome which is usually followed by (DOMS) Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and weakened immunity. Taurine is also added to both protein supplements to help shuttle the amino acids and carbohydrates by mimicking the power of insulin. All these claims may make sense on paper or a few studies but none of these statements have been evaluated by the food and drug administration and is long term safety has not yet been tested or evaluated. Animal products compared were tuna (water) and chicken (breast). The chicken was $5.89/lb and the tuna was $0.79 for a 2 oz. can compared to Protein supplements and meal replacements which are around $3.00-$4.00 a serving. Both chicken breast and tuna are good sources of protein without much fat (saturated) and cholesterol. Meat products do not have the dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals added like protein supplements but vitamins and minerals, can be easily supplemented by whole food sources and proper nutrition. Protein supplements can consume therefore the extra protein is wasted and excreted from the body. For the average person protein supplements are not necessary if their dietary needs are met through whole food sources. Bibliography:

The balance between freedom and order Essay Example

The balance between freedom and order Paper Freedom And Order Freedom without order leads to chaos. Order without freedom leads to tyranny. Only in Christ can these two warring combatants become creative comrades in the dance of grace. Freedom is a wonderful and terrible paradox. In its purest sense, freedom means having no boundaries, borders, rules or restrictions. It Is the uninhibited will to do or refrain as one desires. Freedom defines, in part, deity. After all, who tells God what to do? Made in his image and likeness, we also were designed for freedom, but our broken and dos-ordered hearts bring only chaos. Whether were talking about reckless drivers who feel no need to obey the speed limits or the killing fields of Cambodia, human beings strive constantly to break through any barriers that prevent them from doing as they see fit. The pursuit of freedom without order invariably brings chaos and ultimately results in death. The opposite is also true. Order without freedom leads to another kind of death- tyranny. We are not designed for slavery, and each of us Is born with the God-given and God-like capacity to will and to choose. Anything that robs us of that capacity ninnies us what may be the defining characteristic of our humanity. We will write a custom essay sample on The balance between freedom and order specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The balance between freedom and order specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The balance between freedom and order specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When humanity experienced the Fall, however, the brokenness of sin infected our conscience. Humans now abuse order In the same way they abuse freedom. Order becomes a weapon of control, a device to simply impose my will upon yours. A war now rages in every human heart. Reckless freedom claws at the eyes of violent order in a deadly pas De dues. Only in Christ can these two warring factions become creative comrades In the dance of grace. How? Christ promises life-real life-and that more abundantly than the chaos and tyranny hat characterizes human experience. The life he promises is born from the union of both the freedom and order he brings. Consider biological life for a moment. Science still wrestles with the definition of life Itself, but at a minimum, all seem to agree that life is composed of Increasingly complex structures of inorganic matter that result in behaviors that characterize living things. In other words, if we structure protons, neutrons and electrons in a certain way, we have a soda can-but rearrange the ordering of those same particles, and now we have a cell. Life flows out of the order of structure. In the same way, true life-giving freedom flows out of the well-ordered heart and does not depend upon external structures to either maintain or exercise it. And it is precisely because we are designed to be free that no one-including God-can force us to be free. God is not a tyrant, nor has he designed us for tyranny. We must freely choose to bring order to our broken hearts if we want true freedom, and we must choose to not allow any one or anything to rob us of that God-given freedom. Only Christ, who freely chose the obedience of the cross, can set us free to be free. The freedom that Christ brings has two components: freedom from sin, and the freedom to do good works. External forms of order in social relationships-traffic laws, or the Ten Commandments, for example-are necessary because human beings are 1 OFF not Intrinsically Tree to condos good Demeanor. In toner words, external Torts AT control are necessary to regulate the effects of sin. Without external structures like criminal codes and police agencies to enforce them, the world would be plunged into hellish chaos. The evening news suggests, even with those external structures, the world appears to be growing more chaotic. ) Yet while external order can regulate the effects of sin, it cannot remove the root causes of it. Only Chrisms work on the Cross can destroy the effects of sin in our lives Christ wants something better for us than the Ten Commandments. He does not want us to refrain from killing others because we will be punished if we do. Rather, he wants us to love those that hate u s-Just as He does. To move from a place of abstaining from, under threat from means moving away from external structures and toward internal ones, from tyranny to freedom. It means becoming more like Him. For me to able to do this, my heart needs to be re-ordered by the work of the Spirit and his Word. What is the gospel? It is the good news that what was in the beginning shall be so again in the end. It is the restoration of the image of God in me. We know that freedom and order can become creative comrades in the dance of grace because we see it displayed in Jesus, who died for us, and in whose image we are being made.

How fear and suspense is formed during the two short stories The Landlady and A terribly strange bed Essays

How fear and suspense is formed during the two short stories The Landlady and A terribly strange bed Essays How fear and suspense is formed during the two short stories The Landlady and A terribly strange bed Paper How fear and suspense is formed during the two short stories The Landlady and A terribly strange bed Paper Essay Topic: Literature Both of these stories have different settings. In the Landlady, the setting was Bath, England. In A terribly strange bed, the setting is Paris, France. Both of these factors cause problems when comparing the two stories. This is because the stories were written at two different times and the culture is very different in both of these countries. The currency is also different, and the language seems to be more complex, again due to the dates that these stories were written in. The Landlady was written in 1960 by Roald Dahl, and A terribly strange bed was written in 1856 by Wilkie Collins. Both of these stories deal with fear and suspense by using various techniques to keep the reader in suspense. I will try to compare and contrast the different methods used by both authors within the next few paragraphs. When the first paragraph of The Landlady begins, the audience is made aware of the surroundings. Roald Dahl starts to create fright/anticipation by providing an in depth account into the background of the story. The account set, describes to the audience the atmosphere and gives us an insight into the kind of weather conditions within the scene. The audience is told the air is deadly cold, and the wind as flat as a blade of ice cutting against his cheek. This descriptive opening to the story suggests that Billy is in a hostile environment. By doing this the author is generating apprehension and expectancy. In A terribly strange bed we are first told of the date then the setting. The date was 1856 and the setting was France. This in itself is a major difference to The Landlady, because the setting is a different country and the date nearly 100 years earlier. We as an audience are told that the main character Monsieur Faulkner wants to go to a gambling house. The type of atmosphere in this gambling house creates suspense for the character. We are told that in this gambling residence there was a mute silence, and that no-body spoke. The quiet in the room was horrible, The dirty wrinkled old man, with the vulture eyes and the darned greatcoat, who had just lost his last sou (Small coin of low value), still looked on desperately after he could play no longer, never spoke. This quote has created apprehension by giving the audience pictographic images in their minds of the setting and the type of people found there, and by suggesting that Monsieur Faulkner is in a threatening atmosphere. Billy Weaver is seventeen-years-old. He was wearing a new navy-blue overcoat, a new brown trilby hat, and a new brown suit. He walks briskly, as he has decided that Briskness was the one common characteristic of all successful businessmen. Billy is trying hard to become a businessman, because he knows that businessmen are successful. We also learn that he is gullible, weary, uncertain, and cautious and that he takes people at face value. We notice that Billy takes the landlady at face value when he says: The old girl is slightly dotty, but at five and sixpence a night, who gives a damn about that? We notice during the story that the landlady is quite peculiar. From the first sentence we notice that something isnt quite right with her. When she opens the door, it seems as if she is expecting Billy to arrive. We know this through a number of different quotes: But Im always ready day and night in the house just on the off chance that an acceptable young gentleman will come along, and it is such a pleasure, my dear, such a very great pleasure when now and again I open the door and see someone standing there who is exactly right, this is further enhanced by I noticed that the bed covers were put back ready for someone to get into the bed. These all suggest that the landlady is expecting Billy to arrive at the Bed and Breakfast. These quotes also create anticipation because we wonder why she is so eager for him to stay? In contrast to the Landlady and Billy Weaver, Monsieur Faulkner is an upper class, middle aged man who is looking for some excitement and danger in his life. We know that he is upper class because of little clues in the dialogue, for example: In short, I had hitherto frequented gaming-tables-just as I frequented ballrooms and opera houses- because they amused me, and because I had nothing better to do with my leisure hours. This suggests that he enjoys social events, and that he can afford to go to these types of leisure events. Another example of Monsieur Faulkner being upper class is that he says that he has been to every gaming table in Europe. This is another clue that suggests that he can afford to travel around Europe. We meet the old soldier as Monsieur Faulkner starts to win a substantial amount of money on the gambling table called Rouge et Noir(Red and Black). The Old Soldier was described in detail; Monsieur Faulkner describes him as a suspicious specimen. He then goes on to describe the soldiers appearance: goggling-bloodshot eyes, mangy mustachios, and a broken nose. He had the dirtiest pair of hands I had every saw, even in France. The soldier seems to have a plan for Monsieur Faulkner as he involves himself in his winnings. There are a few similarities in throughout the two stories, one of these being the two different plots during the stories. In the Landlady the conspiracy was to lure Billy into the house and to poison him with a preserving chemical, as we believe that she wants to preserve his body when he has died. In A terribly strange bed the plot wasnt developed until Monsieur Faulkner had won a substantial amount of money at the gambling table, but when this had happened the plan was to try and keep him at the gambling residence and to somehow steal his money, or nearer to the point murder him for his money. Another similarity during these two stories is that both characters are described to be in hostile environments. For Billy the hostile environment was a Deadly cold small town called Bath in England, and for Monsieur Faulkner it was a gambling residence in Paris, France. Both of the main protagonists are also lured to their fate by a surreal sense of security, with Billy it was that he was staying in a Bed and Breakfast with the landlady, and for Monsieur Faulkner it was a gambling residence that had many door locks and much residential security objects. Tension builds up in these stories when Billy finds out that there have only been two guests in past three years before him at this Bed and Breakfast. It is also built up when Billy seems to recognise both names in the guest-book as if they had been famous for the same type of thing, and when the landlady says But my dear boy, he(Mr Mulholland)never left. Hes still here. Mr Temple is also here. Theyre on the third floor, both of them together. This quote also creates a type of anxiety among the readers, because questions would be travelling around the mind of a reader. The two main characters of the stories are trying to seek excitement and danger during these stories. Billy seeks the excitement; he does this by moving to a new town for a job promotion. We presume that this is Billys first trip away from his home in London so this would be exciting for him. On contrast to this story, A terribly strange beds main character Monsieur Faulkner seeks both excitement and danger. He does this by suggesting to his friend let us go somewhere where we can see a little genuine, blackguardism, poverty-stricken gaming, with no false gingerbread glitter thrown over it all. He seeks the excitement by going to a underground gambling residence. He then seeks the danger by winning prodigiously and then socialising with the lower class and poverty-stricken players of the table. The authors brought fright into The Landlady by leaving us on a cliffhanger. Roald Dahl does this as we find out that the tea Billy had been drinking was drugged, and when Billy asks the landlady a question Has there been anyone here since Gregory Temple or Christopher Mulholland within the last two or three years? And she replies no my dear, only you! . This has created unease because there is an open ending to the story and we can presume that anything couldve happened to Billy. In A terribly strange bed, the fear factor of the story is introduced when Monsieur Faulkner is staying overnight at the gambling residence, and he realises that the bed above him is descending upon him. As the readers of the book, we fear for his life, whether he will live or die but fortunately he realises the bed is coming down upon him. Both of these parts create a sense of fear within the stories. In this essay I have identified the fear/suspense factors of both The Landlady and A terribly strange bed and described how the author has portrayed this in both stories. The stories both have a similar plot to them, both main characters were in hostile environments, they were both tricked into staying at a place where they didnt want to, and two scrupulous people were after them to either fleece them of their money or to murder them. Both writers have portrayed the fear and suspense in their stories in a number of different ways. For example, in The Landlady apprehension was created by the use of Italics this was to make certain words noticeable, and to make them stand out from the rest. The Italics also put an emphasis on the words used in the dialogue, which enhanced . In A terribly strange bed the apprehension is created through the silence in the gambling residence. I have also identified the similarities between the stories and mentioned their significance to the stories. There are two differences between the stories which I have become aware of. I have noticed that the audience is much more involved in The Landlady, and that we can guess what is going to happen next. However in A terribly strange bed, Monsieur Faulkner looks like he will be done for, but he escapes his death luckily. The audience is involved in the fright and anticipation at all times, this is directly linked with the way that he recounts this tale. We are told what happens to Monsieur Faulkner, but with the Landlady being an open-ended story we are left to guess what will happen to Billy, whether he will live or die. I have also realised that there is a major difference between the two stories. When reading through the stories I realised that The Landlady concentrates on more on suspense rather than fear. This is because the author is writing a story, and suspense is the key factor in this story. A terribly strange bed concentrates on fear because this is being told from a persons point of view, and he is explaining his emotions in the story. This is how he is portraying his fear throughout the story. He is stating how frightened and afraid he was for his safety while he was at the gambling house.

Reflective your strength and weakness in administration Essay

Reflective your strength and weakness in administration - Essay Example Third, strategic direction is crucial and having a vision and mission is what operationally makes a leader succeed or fail. Strategy weighs heavy on the â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† and less so on the â€Å"where† hence it is important to have a mission and a vision that is in line with each other. Corollary to this, after planning and goal setting, administrators get things done as plans and goals are not much use if they do not materialize. Fourth and personally the most important for me, leaders naturally need to influence others and have friends that they have purposely nurtured. Admittedly, every leader requires great people around them who when challenged, take up the call, and make the most out of it. One of my administrative strengths includes micromanaging, not just people, but goals as well with a particular refinement for detail. I remember doing thus when a professor had to inspect a certain project of ours within a few weeks time. As a large project of ours with minimal team members working on it, it had a number of problem areas that were likely to receive poor grades, in particular design and its relation to the overall goal of the project. With a very short timeframe available, I would be unable to make substantial changes I have in view for the longer term. For example, developing a more strategic and novel way of communicating with other members during the planning process and taking the pressure off the acting committee head of design, currently struggling, by recruiting someone with more experience into the post will have to be postponed. I knew then that I had to focus on ensuring that my project showed itself from the best perspective in front of our professors. I had work hard with my other group members, having some sleepless nights, to ensure everything was in place- logistics have been taken care of, audiences have been ushered in well, while all

'New' or 'Compositionally Altered' grocery store products Essay

'New' or 'Compositionally Altered' grocery store products - Essay Example The researcher of this essay aims to pay special attention on some kinds of compositionally altered foods. Consider as an example, low calorie yoghurt. The manufacturer of this product uses a special process to produce this food item. Low calorie yoghurt is essentially low in sugar (achieved by substituting a low calorie sweetener like aspartame or saccharin instead of sugar), and it is almost lactose free. By reducing lactose to less than 1% through ultra-filtration and enzymatic hydrolysis, the manufacturer is able to reduce 60 to 70 calories from the product. The target consumer includes dieters and because of almost nil lactose in the finished product, lactose intolerant people as well. When stored under recommended temperatures and under conventional refrigeration, the product has a shelf life of about 30 days which is about the same as regular yoghurt. Low calorie yoghurts can be manufactured in the traditional style, the Swiss style or even with fruit mixed in. Artificial crea m is another compositionally altered food. It is merely imitation cream and is made entirely from non-dairy fats like vegetable oil and not butter fat although it contains emulsifiers like glycerides and phosphatides, and thickening agents like gum and starch. It contains no butyric acid but sweeteners or sugar could be added to sweeten the whip. This kind of cream has generally been accepted well by the average consumer because it is cheaper than real cream, has no dairy fat and most importantly has a longer shelf life as compared to real cream. Dieters love it. It appeases my conscience to use this versus full fat cream, although I am uncomfortable with the vegetable oil. Also, artificial cream is not a good replacement for real cream in all cases; it can become runny and quite unfit as a topping. A low fat cheese product, another example of altered food, is made by mixing milk with non-fat dry milk solids, a stabilizer like carrageenan and a lactic acid provider. This creates a cheese formulation solution to which a clotting enzyme like rennet is added. The solution is then coagulated to form a curd in a whey solution. The curd is then separated from the whey and ripened to form a low fat cheese product. The product is suitable for dieters and in some cases even for convalescing patients. It has a long shelf life - longer than standard cheese and to me tastes rather nice. Decaffeinated coffee is a favorite of a large segment of the population, especially those that drink multiple cups of coffee a day and believe that caffeine is harmful to their health. People with hypertension who have been advised to avoid caffeine also typically opt for this kind of coffee versus the regular one. Coffee can be decaffeinated in many ways but the steps are the same in all of them. The beans are first soaked in water to dissolve the caffeine. Next, the caffeine is extracted using a solvent or activated carbon like methylene chloride or ethyl acetate both of which have low boiling points.Finally the beans are re-soaked in the decaffeinated water so that they can reabsorb the flavor that was lost in the initial extraction.I am not fond of decaffeinated coffee at all and prefer to sip the regular one. The flavor of decaf coffee tastes poor to me and it is a fact that the decaffeination process alters both the flavor and aroma of the coffee beans. The shelf life of vacuum -packed roasted and ground coffee is

Critical Process Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Process - Term Paper Example Due to this analysis the most truthful opinion is that videogames inspire and cultivate aggressive behaviour not any more or less than other forms of media like television or internet. This statement was a basis on which video games already received a First Amendment protection during the attempt of state government of California to forbid selling violent videogames to minors. Nevertheless despite the victory of videogames in that battle, though it gave them equal rights with other media, the main war is still raging on. Doctors, researchers and most of all immoderately and excessively careful and anxious parents seek to find right tactics to blame videogames in the wrong behaviour of their children. Such scenario slowly moves but still parents themselves are more responsible for any problems that they have with their children and videogames have nothing to do about it. As for the other types of media they are more independent and not so young as videogames. For those who don’t know it may be interesting that nowadays there is a serious discussion on the matter of giving videogames a status of art. This requires more significant and attentive look from the government, producers of videogames and customers. Books, movies and films are strictly categorized by the level of age and also a lot of other restrictions and requirements (for example aspersion and slander towards other person must not take place in any media). Therefore, by connecting with the world of real media and art videogames must be of a high level. The rate of the game is not similar to the rate of violence in it. Violence is just an extra option because a majority of all games need one player or a team of players to conquer, smash, beat or simply make lose the other player or team of players. Most of the games follow the jungle rule of the survival of the fittest (eat or be ea ten). Such parents` concern about the

Green Roofs in Malaysia

Green Roofs in Malaysia In Malaysia, green roofs are considered as a fairly new concept although the concept offers many benefits. Green roofs promotes amenity and aesthetic benefits, environmental benefits, and economic benefits. The principal aim of this research is to improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. This research will identify the performance benefits of green roof, the current phenomenon of green roof as well as their obstacles to adopt green roof systems. Mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approach will be applied in this research. The review of the literature will be conducted to gather information about green roof in order to identify the benefits of green roof systems. Survey will be conducted among three target populations, namely developers, architects and landscape architects who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Individuals for the sample group will be selected because as providers of green roofs, the ir views and actions have a direct influence on green roof development. The categorization of the building professionals will enable easy identification of any disparity in views between them. Besides that, the case studies also one of the vital steps to achieve the objective of this research. The Case Studies will combine different methods to compile an understanding of design guidelines for green roof systems. Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. This research is attempted to develop design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. The findings from this research will open new avenues and fields for future researchers and academicians to carry out extensive researches on the topics concerned. INTRODUCTION The green roof is a system that used growing medium and vegetation on the top of the building roof (Cresswell, 2007). The vegetation is planted in a layer of soil or growing medium as the top layer of the roof. The water membrane system is positioned between growing medium and roof deck to carry away access water and also have a filter system to make sure that the plants have a sufficient water supply during dryer day (Long et al., 2006, Piper, 2003). Green roofs have been increasingly popular in Germany, United Stated of America and Europe (Koonce, 2010) not just because of the aesthetic value, but also for improving environment (Li et al., 2010). As discussed by (Castleton et al., 2010) the roof of a building can be partially or completely covered with a layer of vegetation. Many expert confirm that green roof can be classified into two types of systems which are intensive and extensive (Long et al., 2006, Molineux et al., 2009, Cresswell, 2007, Castleton et al., 2010). Intensive s ystems is more like a roof garden supporting large tree and shrubs, but require deep substrates and regular maintenance. Therefore, it is generally heavy and requires a specific support from the building (Molineux et al., 2009, Cresswell, 2007). The extensive system is opposite of intensive systems which have a thin substrate layer with low level planting, typically sedum or lawn, and can be very lightweight in structure (Castleton et al., 2010). Instead of lightweight, these roofs require little or no additional structural support from the building, less expensive, low maintenance, and designed for limited human access. Plants selected for extensive system are usually have a shallow root system, good regenerative abilities, resistance to direct solar radiation, harsh winds or heavy rainfall, and ground cover species on slopes up to 30% (Long et al., 2006, Cresswell, 2007). There are many potential benefits of green roofs. These may be considered to fall into three main categories, Amenity and Aesthetic Benefits, Environmental Benefits, and Economic Benefits, although there is a great deal of crossover between categories. Amenity Aesthetic Benefitsinclude leisure and open space, visual aesthetic value, health and therapeutic value, and food production. Environmental Benefits include ecological and wildlife value, water management, air quality, sound absorption, and reducing the urban heat island effect. Economic Benefitsinclude increased roof life, building insulation and energy efficiency, and green building assessment and public relations. These benefits operate at a range of scales. Some will only operate if relatively large numbers of green roofs are implemented in any particular area and their benefits will only be apparent at the larger neighborhood or city scale. Others will operate directly on an individual building (Michael and Thomas, 2003, V ancouver, 2009). Therefore, it is important to adopt green roof as it gives many benefits to reduce the environmental impact. The purpose of this research is to develop design guidelines for green roof system in Malaysia. RESEARCH STATEMENT The phenomenon of global warming or climate change has led to many environmental issues including higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, increase greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increase indoor discomfort condition (Asmat Ismail et al., 2010). Some scientists believe that changes are part of natural variability (Radhi, 2009) while others point to human activity (Oh and Chua, 2010, Nordell, 2003) as the cause of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the key driver of climate change. As the Carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere increases, the ability of earth surface to reradiate heat to the atmosphere is lessen. Carbon dioxide acts as a blanket over the surface and keeps the earth warmer than it would otherwise be. The warmer climate outside will also affect the indoor temperature of building. When the outdoor air temperature increases, building will experience indoor discomfort. The demand for mechanical ventilation will be cri tical and eventually lead to higher energy consumption in building (Asmat Ismail et al., 2010). The heavy reliance on air conditioning typically increases energy use, increased emission of CO2, increase other GHGs to power the system (Calm, 2002) and also adding to negative impacts of global warming (Wilkinson et al., 2007). Therefore, it is vital important to reduce the energy consumption in building by reducing the usage of air conditioning system where the air conditioning systems release the carbon into the air which has been identified as the element that insulates planet and one of the major contributor in global warming. Buildings are important contributors to the ever-increasing carbon emission and its impact on global warming (Kui, 4 october 2010; The Star, May 2009). Buildings last longer, and over that lifetime they play a part in contributing to the destruction of the environment. Over its life cycle, a building uses many resources and is the source of much pollution emissions (Yoon, 2009). In Malaysia, commercial and residential building use up 48% of the electricity generated (Li, 2009). During the UN Climate Change Conference in December 2009, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak made very clear Malaysias commitment to the green cause, pledging to cut up to 40 per cent of Malaysias carbon emission intensity in terms of GDP by the year 2020 from year 2005 levels (Singh and Ping, 2010, Fernandez, 2010). Therefore, one way to reduce the impact of global warming and improve urban environmental quality is by adopting the green roof technologies (Williams et al., 2010). However, the question arise s, why Malaysian construction industry must adopt the green roof technology? It is because most of the heat 75% enters from roof compare to 25% from wall. Besides that, the roof is exposed most for the longest period to solar radiation where heat radiated from the sun is absorbed by the roof surface and the ceiling absorbs the radiated heat (Lu, 2009). Apart from that, the green roof technology is able to reduce the energy consumption and can improve the internal comfort during the spring and summer seasons (Fioretti et al., 2010, Michael and Thomas, 2003, Lawlor et al., 2006). Furthermore, green roof lead to lower energy bills, and provide a carbon sink in urban areas, along with many other diverse ecological advantages (Sihau, 2009). Thus, in order to reduce the amount of heat entering through the roofs, such buildings must be adopted with green roof technology. In Asia, the use of green roofs has arisen in Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and China. Although the idea of green roofs in Asia is new, these countries are active in developing, practicing and conducting research on green roofs, particularly in Singapore (Wan et al, 2010). According to Wong (2005) roofs present 21%-26% of urban areas and this can provide a unique opportunity to improve the environment if green roofs are used. In urban areas such as Kuala Lumpur, there are a lot of opportunities to implement green roofs in the development because of rapid expansion in these areas. By having a green roof, the areas taken from nature to be developed are made to come alive again. Green roofs in Malaysia are considered as a fairly new though lots of benefits are offered. However, in country that has similar climate with Malaysia such as Singapore have grown remarkable on green roof. Compare to Singapore, Malaysia are far behind in terms of research done, policies, technology and practice in this area (Govindaraju et al., 2005, Chandran et al., 2009). Malaysia still remains many potential obstacles to their more widespread adoption. This obstacles include a lack of standards, high costs when green roof installers are inexperienced, few demonstration examples to inspire and give confidence to developers considering a green roof and a lack of relevant and reliable research to provide confidence in the economic and environmental benefits of green roofs (Williams et al., 2010) (Williams et al, 2010; Sihau 2009; Michael Thomas, 2003). Besides that, Malaysia has a very different climate to the temperature regions of the northern hemisphere where green roofs are more common. Relying on northern hemisphere research, experience and technology is problematic, due to significant differences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and suitable vegetation (Wilkinson, 2009). This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and unnecessary expense to development projects consid ering green roofs. Since Singapore is advance in developing green roof system, therefore Malaysia should put Singapore as an example to move towards green roof system. This research examines green roofs in Malaysia, the status of the industry and discusses information gaps requiring research. Therefore, it is important to overcome the obstacles by adopting green roof technology in Malaysia in order to get the benefits offers from the technology. In recent years, green roofs are becoming more and more popular in the world and have also attracted much attention in Malaysia. However, when people consider applying green roof systems, they often find it difficult to understand the technical requirements, design an effective system and evaluate their performance. Unlike other countries that are very advance in green roof technologies such as Germany and Japan, they have their own guidelines for green roof system (Hui, 2010). A brief discussion with Ishamuddin Mazlan from Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) indicates that there are no design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. In German, the German Landscape Research, Development and Construction Society (FLL) has been working on standards for green roof technology for 25 years. Their ‘Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites (FLL-guidelines) reflects the latest developments in German acknowledged state-of-the-art tec hnology (Philippi, 2005). Over 800 green roofs can be found in Germany alone, a leader in building codes and incentives for green roof installation. In Asia, Japan has become a center for green roof technology. Its capital, Tokyo, is the first city to mandate building vegetation must constitute 20 percent of all new construction (Wark, 2003). Their guidelines are very useful to implement green roof but they should not be copied directly without adapting and considering the local conditions of Malaysia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop local design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There were various research has been conducted in the field of green roof systems and the quantity seems to increase over the years since environmental issues become more concerning worldwide. The research that has been done in the field of green roof can be grouped into seven which are research on storm water management, research on materials, research on opportunities and barrier, research on environment, research on energy and building, research on perceptions, and research on guidelines. The research that has been done in storm water management for instance by Berghage et al (2009) conducted a research on Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control. The findings of the paper indicate that the green roofs are capable of removing 50% of the annual rainfall volume from a roof through retention and evapotranspiration. Rainfall not retained by green roofs is detained, effectively increasing the time to peak, and slowing peak flows for a watershed. Whereas Berndtsson et al (2009) conduct ed a research on Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs. This study investigated influence on runoff water quality from two full scale vegetated roofs (an intensive from Japan and an extensive from Sweden). Results show that both extensive and intensive vegetated roofs are a sink of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen with similar performance. The intensive vegetated roof is also a sink of total nitrogen in contrast to the extensive roof. While Hardin and Wanielista (2007) has done research on a water quality assesment of a green roof stormwater treatment systems. The results of this work show that the use of green roof stormwater treatment systems for the improvement of stormwater quality is a promising treatment option. The total suspended solids results show that green roofs had a lower concentration and smaller standard deviation than the control chambers. Besides, Emilsson et al (2007) has done a research on Effect of using conventional and control led release fertiliser on nutrient runoff from various vegetated roof systems. The findings of the paper indicate that Conventional fertilisers caused high nutrient concentrations in the runoff water. Concentrations decreased during the duration of the experiment but at the end of the experiment they were still higher than after fertilisation with CRF. Conventional fertiliser also increased the total nutrient runoff. Research on materials for instance has been done by Molineux et al (2009) on Characterising alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media in the U.K. This study have shown that the alternative substrates perform as well if not better, than the widely used crushed red brick as growing media, in terms of plant growth and material characterisations.. They are also similar in price to the red brick substrate (Shireminerals, pers. comm.) and are already commercially available. While Cresswell (2007) has done a research on Characterisation of Mineral Wastes, Resources and Processing technologies. The findings indicate that Aerated concrete is a material that is suitable for use as a light weight green roof substrate. It has the appropriate density and water absorption. Research that has been conducted on opportunities and barrier for instance by Williams et al (2010) on Green roofs for a wide brown land: Opportunities and barriers for rooftop greening in Australia. This paper examines green roofs in Australia, discusses the challenges to increasing their use and the major information gaps that need to be researched to progress the industry in Australia. While Wilkinson and Reed (2010) compile a unique building database incorporating information about 536 commercial buildings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to undergo a green roof retrofit. A relatively small proportion of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainfall patterns, and the physical property stock. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small proportion of central business district (CBD) stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, priv ately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Besides, compile a unique building database incorporating information about 536 commercial buildings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to undergo a green roof retrofit. A relatively small proportion of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainfall patterns, and the physical property stock. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small proportion of CBD stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, privately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Besides, Rowe and Getter (2006) conducted research on The Role of Extensive Green Roofs in Sustainable Development. This paper is a review of current knowledge regarding the benefits of green roofs, plant selection and culture, and barriers to their acceptance in the United States. Because o f building weight restrictions and costs, shallow-substrate extensive roofs are much more common than deeper intensive roofs. Therefore, the focus of this review is primarily on extensive green roofs. Research on environment for instance has been done by Renterghemand Botteldooren (2011) on In-situ measurements of sound propagating over extensive green roofs. In this study, in-situ measurements of sound propagation over flat, extensive green roofs were presented in 5 case studies. These involved situations with either a single diffraction or double diffraction over green roofs. Measurements show that green roofs may lead to consistent and significant sound reduction at locations where only diffracted sound waves arrive. Among the single diffraction cases, acoustic green roof improvements exceeding 10 dB were found, over a wide frequency range. While Li et al (2010) study on Effect of green roof on ambient CO2 concentration. The study systematically investigates the effect of green roofs on the ambient CO2 concentration using field measurements, chamber experiments and numerical simulations. Plants can reduce the CO2 concentration in the environment by absorbing CO2 in the daytime. In a typical sunny day in summer in Hong Kong, the CO2 absorption rate of a plant in the daytime is much greater than the CO2 emission rate at night. The extent of the green roof effect is related to the condition of the plants, the position of the green roof and the ambient airflow condition. In a sunny day, a green roof may lower the CO2 concentration in the nearby region as much as 2%. On the other hand, Carter and Keeler (2008) conducted research on Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost wo uld make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Besides, Jones and Alexandri (2008) studied on Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates. From this quantitative research, it has been shown that there is an important potential of lowering urban temperatures when the building envelope is covered with vegetation. Air temperature decreases at roof level can reach up to 26.0 1C maximum and 12.8 1C day-time average (Riyadh), while inside the canyon decreases reach up to 11.3 1C maximum and 9.1 1C daytime average, again for hot and arid Riyadh. It can be concluded that the hotter and drier a climate is, the greater the effect of vegetation on urban temperatures. Research on energy and building that has been done by Chang et al (2011) on Optimal Design for Water Conservation and Energy Savings Using Green Roofs in a Green Building under Mixed Uncertainties. The study identifies the optimal green roof area that keeps within the cost of a conventional home over a specific life time, such as 50 years. Research findings show that as the reliability level associated with the chance constraint was decreased, the upper bound of the green roof area did not vary much for either shingle or metal roofs. The lower bound was found to decrease in the same situation, however, due to the higher minimum cost of the cistern in relation to the greater volume of expected rainfall, forcing the required green roof area to decrease. While Fioretti et al (2010) investigate Green roof energy and water related performance in the Mediterranean climate. The investigation performed within the specific climatic context of the Mediterranean region. Full-scale experimental results are provided from two case studies, located in north-west and central Italy, consisting in two fully monitored green roofs on top of public buildings. The attenuation of solar radiation through the vegetation layer is evaluated as well as the thermal insulation performance of the green roof structure. The daily heat flow through the roof surface is quantified showing that the green roof outperforms the reference roof, therefore reducing the daily energy demand. As for water management, it is confirmed that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in a Mediterranean climate in terms of runoff volume reduction, peak attenuation and increase of concentration time, although reduced performance could be observed during high precipitation periods. Besides, Castleton et al (2010) conducted a research on Green roofs; building energy savings and the potential for retrofit. This paper reviews the current literature and highlights the situations in which th e greatest building energy savings can be made. Older buildings with poor existing insulation are deemed to benefit most from a green roof as current building regulations require such high levels of insulation that green roofs are seen to hardly affect annual building energy consumption. As over half of the existing UK building stock was built before any roof insulation was required, it is older buildings that will benefit most from green roofs. The case for retrofitting existing buildings is therefore reviewed and it is found there is strong potential for green roof retrofit in the UK. Research on perception has been done by Wan Zuriea et al (2010) on Perception towards green roof in Malaysia. Results from interviews showed that the respondents perceived green roofs benefits are that they provide leisure and operational space, visual amenities value and health and therapeutic value and environment and economic advantages. From the field observation study, it was found that there is a good potential for green roof as it promotes a range of benefits that can solve the problem of ecological steps, limitation of space, greenery balance, global warming, aesthetics and lost of wildlife habitat that occur in many urban areas. While House (2009) conducted research on North Texas Stakeholders: Perceptions of Extensive Green Roofs. The findings of the paper indicate thatstakeholders perceived extensive green roofs as being appropriate for use in North Texas. Concerns were raised regarding plant selection, weight requirements, initial cost, city codes, and aesthetics. Develop ers and city officials indicated their concern for the performance of green roofs in the extremes of the North Texas climate, while architects and landscape architects spoke of the multitude of benefits and appropriateness for this region. Overall, perceptions of extensive green roofs were favorable, but a lack of adequate research and concerns over cost issues were frequently cited as barriers to implementation. However, in this paper, researcher tends to focus on design guidelines of green roof system.ÂÂ   There is no similar thorough research which has been done by any other researcher in Malaysia regarding on design guideline of green roof systems. Malaysia still do not have the design guidelines for green roof system based on the preliminary interview that has been done with Encik Ishamuddin bin Mazlan from the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA). For instance, Hui (2010) has develop technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. This paper describes the major findings of a research to develop technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. The current knowledge and latest trends of green roof technology in the world have been studied. Useful information and experience were examined for assessing the potential benefits and key design factors. By investigating the system components and practical considerations of typical green roof projects in Hong Kong and other countries, key information is established for preparing the technical guidelines. Based on the review of the previous related to the research, there seems no study that has been done on design guideline for green roof systems in Malaysia and this will be an interesting topic for researcher in this Master research. Therefore, there is a gap that has been left for researcher to fill in and to contribute to the existing body of knowledge. AIM AND OBJECTIVE Generally, this research seeks to have an understanding and knowledge on green roof systems. This study aims to improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. In order to achieve the aims above, three (3) correlative objectives are outlined as follows: To identify the operational performance benefits of green roof technology To explore the obstacle to adopt green roof technology To develop design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia RESEARCH QUESTIONS Research questions are framed as a guide to fulfil the research objectives. This research is expected to produce design guidelines that make best use of the potential of green roof. Having decided that, the following research questions are addressed and framed: Research question for objective 1 What are the effect of the green roof to the environment How green roof can reduce energy consumption in buildings How importance of using green roof technology in buildings Research question for objective 2 What are the barriers in adopting green roof systems in Malaysia How do this barrier effect the adoption of green roof in Malaysia Research question for objective 3 What are the factor need to be considered in designing the green roof systems RESEARCH METHOD The methodology in conducting is three different stages as follows: a) Literature Search Review Literature search will conducted to gather information about green roof in order to identify the benefits of green roof systems. The sources and information from journals, articles, books and internet are then fully analyzed and studied to gain better understanding on green roof technology. b) Survey Survey will be conducted among three target populations, namely developers, architects and landscape architects who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Set of questionnaires will be distributed to explore the obstacles to adopt green roof technology in Malaysia by comparison of answers to the same set of questions. The analysis of data from the questionnaires responses may provide data from which tables of obstacles can be produced. c) Case Study The Case Studies combine different methods to compile an understanding of modular green roof systems. Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. RESEARCH SCOPE AND LIMITATION The target group of this research consisting of developers, architects, and landscape architects in the peninsular of Malaysia excluding Sabah and Sarawak who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Individuals for the sample group will be selected because as providers of green roofs, their views and actions have a direct influence on green roof development. The categorization of the building professionals will enable easy identification of any disparity in views between them. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH This research is expected to identify the performance benefits of green roof systems in order for green roof to be utilized in Malaysian buildings. Besides that, this research will identify the obstacles to adopt green roof and develop recommendation to overcome this obstacles. Furthermore, this study will add to the body of knowledge that green roof systems can enhance the environment of the urban area, reduce energy use in buildings, and help to reduce effect of global warming especially in urban area in Malaysia. On top of that, this research hopes to give a better understanding and way to adopt green roof systems in Malaysian buildings. At the end of this research, it will develop new design guidelines for sustainable green roof systems in Malaysia. Aim Research Statement Objectives Research Questions Research Method To improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. Global warming or climate change OB1: To identify operational performance benefits of green roof technology RQ1.1: What are the effects of the green roof to the environment RQ1.2: How green roof can reduce energy consumption in buildings RQ1.3: How importance of using green roof technology in buildings Literature review Obstacles in adoption green roof systems OB2: To explore the obstacles to adopt green roof technology RQ2.1: What are the barriers in adopting green roof systems in Malaysia RQ2.2: How do this barrier effect the adoption of green roof technology in Malaysia Questionnaire Survey Design Guidelines OB3: To develop design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia RQ3.1: What are the factor need to be considered in designing the green roof systems Case Study

My Philosophy of Education :: Teaching Teachers Educational Essays

My Philosophy of Education I always get asked why I am a chemistry major if I have no intention of working in industry. My sarcastic verbal answer is that I must not like having free time, or getting credit for four hour-long labs. The real reason is because I have a passion for education, especially in the sciences. Children are our future and as such need to be educated. I believe one of the key reasons why the United States is the great nation that it is today is because of the educational opportunities that we offer the masses. This way, we have a larger pool for our leaders of tomorrow to be pulled from. It is our job as teachers to educate these masses and even if they don’t become the leaders of tomorrow, they are going to fulfill important roles in society. We owe the American Dream to the younger generations; they deserve not only the opportunities that we had, but even more opportunities. I would like to see every child pursue the path of success and tap into their unlimited potential. While this is a wonderful dream, it is not realistic. Due to many factors such as, but most certainly not limited to learning disabilities, substance abuse, violence, incurable diseases, inadequate family involvement, not all students will come close to their actual potential. Above and beyond giving children an education in our field, we are to help them overcome these problems and to succeed in life. By giving a child an education, we are giving them a future. There are many ways in which we can overcome many of these problems. Learning disabilities are becoming less of a disadvantage these days due to in and out of class support and diverse teaching methods. By catering to multiple intelligences and helping students find their niches in school, we are helping them stay away from drugs and violence by giving an alternate venue to express themselves. Students are us ually better off if they have a family that is actively involved and supportive of their education. As educators we must plan programs for those students who are deficient in this area, we must also be supportive and supply the students with a conducive environment for education.

Coca Cola and Pepsi

*Segmentation of Coca Cola: **Basic segments of coca cola is those people who take this drink regularly. **The target market for coca cola is based on age: youth and younger 15- 25 and 40 age. Another factors are income and family size. **Target is not based on gender , both gender likes it. **Key success of coca cola is behavioral segmentation. **Coca Cola generally sells in schools, colleges, universities, restaurants, hotels and fast food stores. Coca Cola has variety of tastes ecause they want to meet customer needs. **Coca cola diet : for diabetic people and aged people 40 plus. **Coca Cola : young people whose age is 16 to 35. **Coca Cola packs and bottles : (based on income level) for students, poor people, middle class and family size. Nature of customer : fun and entertainment loving. Socio-economic level :upper lower and lower class. Occupation : student and family oriented people. **Coca Cola prefer to serve its product in those places where young eople gather mostly. coca cola customers are mainly teenagers and young adults **it is the highest selling cold drink above the world.? **The main theme of coca cola is â€Å"open happiness† coca cola packaging attracts the young generation attention very much. *Positioning statement: Coca Cola provides the best quality and taste in an affordable price. *Segmentation of Pepsi: **Pepsi has same market purposes like Coca Cola. Pepsi has also different kinds of soft-drink productin order to appeal to different ustomers. **Pepsi customers are mostly teenagers and young adults between the ages of 14 to 30. *Positioning of pepsi: **PepsiCo main slogan is – â€Å"Generation Next! † It spends billions of dollars in order to affect people and find creative slogan in every year. Pepsi is a cold drink which gave the best taste, low fat in a reasonable spending. Coca Cola is successful corporation because they have further plan to impess people and have good stategy to sell products in right places .

Bases of Power essays

Bases of Power essays Power is the ability of one person, group or nation to control another person, group or nation. It is the ability to tell them what to do and what not to do. Power may involve force, persuasion or rewards. Power also always involves a relationship. According to one of the founders of political science, Max Weber, power is the capabilities to have ones way in a relationship, even against the will of others. However, no person in a relationship always has all the power, and no person in a relationship always has no power. Power itself does not come in a lump; it is not one single thing. Instead, power is made up of 8.5 things, and these 8.5 things are what we call the bases of power. Below is a list of the 8.5 bases of power: 3) authority 4) knowledge/technology/information 7) size/solidarity 8) violence According to Karl Marx, another founder of political science, money is the only base of power. He said that with money, you could buy everything else. However, it has come to be accepted that money can buy everything except charisma and solidarity. For that reason, I have chosen charisma, solidarity and money as the three bases of power that I would most like to have. First on my list of bases of power is charisma. Charisma is defined as being the natural ability to influence anothers behavior. It is generally accepted that a person cannot train or learn to be charismatic, he is either born with it or without it. A charismatic person can get someone to like him and support him regardless of whether they agree with his actions or not. An example of this would be former President Bill Clinton. Despite knowing that he had cheated on his wife with Gennifer Flowers, the public nevertheless was swept off their feet by his charm and voted him into the presidency. And when he ...

Air Quality in Hong Kong Essays

Air Quality in Hong Kong Essays Air Quality in Hong Kong Essay Air Quality in Hong Kong Essay Air pollution in Hong Kong is often so bad that it is impossible to see across Victoria Harbor due to all the haze and smog. The government did endeavor to modify the air quality but, sadly, it still deteriorates continually. Even worse, the Air Pollution Index recently hit a record high, which suggests that the air quality in Hong Kong is far lower than the international standard. It all shows that air pollution is Just a growing problem and Im writing to raise several concerns about air pollution and suggest various ways in which Hong Kong citizens can help reduce air pollution. Let us begin with the cause of the problems, which includes three main aspects: vehicle emissions, unplanned use of land, and cross-border pollution. The first aspect concerns the vehicle emissions. With the increasing number of private cars, and the slow introduction of environmentally friendly fuels, the amount of air pollutants released by vehicles keeps increasing, thereby tarnishing the air quality. Secondly, the unplanned use of land can also account for the problems. Due to the limited land supplied, Hong Kong tends to be densely populated while the buildings are usually designed to be as tall as possible. All the buildings therefore form a physical barrier to block the ventilation of air. Consequently, pollutants like suspended particles are trapped in air, causing the air to be polluted. Cross-border pollution is the third aspect. There are currently numerous factories built in Mainland in Guangdong Province. The industrial air pollutants can be carried to Hong Kong by winds. Especially in winter, when much pollution is brought by the northern monsoon, the air quality is exceptionally terrible. To tackle the problem, we should focus on the causes and design solutions accordingly. To deal with the first cause, which is related to traffic, the amount of vehicle emissions should be controlled properly. Actually, this has been implemented before, for example, the installation of catalytic converters and introduction of unleaded fuels. However, the even worse air quality nowadays has proved these traditional means is not enough. In addition to these, the government should put more efforts into controlling the number of private cars on the road. Raising the registration fee of the newly purchased vehicles and levying heavier tax on vehicle ownership are ffective measures to minimize the number of private vehicles, thereby reducing emission of pollutants. Introduction of electronic cars or hybrid cars also reduce the release of air pollutants by vehicles. Apart from Just introducing these cars, the government should also subsidies the installation of corresponding stations for power supplement so as to attract more vehicle owners to switch their options. Then, the vehicles emission will definitely be lowered gradually. We can encourage citizens to use public transports instead of using private vehicles. This can help to increase he awareness of citizens on air pollution problems. Secondly, to achieve a better land use planning, new measures and laws should be set up for the developers and architects to refer to. For example, in order that the new buildings are surrounded with good ventilation, density and height of buildings should be reasonably limited and be stated in black and white as laws. Besides, in order to keep the air clean with low suspended particles content, a certain percentage should be set as the proportion of green areas in the urban. Good road planning and design can also be achieved with clear regulations and rules. And, without strict enforcement, all the aforementioned laws are Just meaningless. This explains why keen and frequent inspection and execution by the government is always needed to match with an ideal city planning. Government should encourage private sector and community participation to promote greening. The main initiatives being undertaken include active planning and greening program, enhancing opportunities of quality greening, community support and private sector involvement, and tree preservation. Thirdly, cross-border pollution should be solved by cross-border cooperation. It equires Joint effort from Hong Kong and Guangdong governments to develop environmental standards based on international best practices. For example, to decrease industrial emissions by requiring the most polluting industrial processes to upgrade or install control equipment. Setting up monitoring systems, restricting the number of factories in Guangdong and controlling the industrial emission of pollutants can all be included in the agreements. Remember that we are actually living under the same atmosphere with people of different nations. Air pollution is not only the matter of our own city, but a worldwide problem. It explains the importance of cooperation amongst different regions. Last but not least, the problem can be alleviated by discouraging people from smoking. Our government should extend the ban on smoking in parks, playgrounds and school. Also, monitoring can help to cope with the problem. Our government should impose more stringent regulations to the people who are against the law. To conclude, for the bright prospect of our society, on no account that our government and the citizens should not turn a blind eye to the problem, instead, we should go to great lengths to deal with the problem. For example, the government should pose some laws and stringent regulations. The citizens should rethink their attitude not to pollute the air. And I believe that if the government and citizens can take the above mentioned measures, it would be better for Hong Kong and we can build up an ideal environment in the future. The intolerably terrible air is what we inhale every day. We cannot protect ourselves from the polluted air. I believe if the problems continue to worsen, air pollution could be disastrous and tragic. Therefore, from now on, we should be more aware of it and contribute a little every day to improve the air

Environmental Regulation and Business Strategy in UK and Scotland Essay

Environmental Regulation and Business Strategy in UK and Scotland - Essay Example The plan also espouses the maximization of the remaining waste by utilizing its energy through waste-to-energy incineration plants. Electrical/and or heat energy can be produced by burning or incineration of wastes (Scottish Environment Protection Agency, 2011). This is an aspect of concern because the burning of solid and liquid material will produce mixtures of solid and gaseous emission like heavy metals, dioxins, particulates, ash residues, and acidic gases. An incineration plant refers to the technical unit and equipment that are dedicated for the purpose of burning or thermal treatment of waste material and in so doing, produce combustion heat (Council Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the European Council ). The definition for the incineration plant includes the site, incineration lines, waste reception, waste storage, fuel and air supplies, post-treatment areas for exhaust gases, waste and wastewater, and all other facilities and devices for control and mo nitoring the operations in incineration. Incineration of waste is achieved by oxidation, pyrolysis, and gasification. Strictly speaking, the energy produced by the incineration of waste materials cannot be considered renewable energy, but it can replace and supplement the energy that is sourced from fossil fuels like oil and coil, natural gas, and other renewable sources. As stated by the Scottish Planning Policy 6 on renewable energy, the energy derived from waste can help Scotland meet its targets for increasing electricity derived from renewable energy sources (Scottish Development Executive Department, 1997). Energy from waste is therefore considered a part of the response to climate change towards sustainable development. The Renewables Obligation gives incentives to suppliers of electricity to obtain electrical energy from renewable sources (Renewables Obligation, 2007). In Scotland, the Renewables Obligation, and the Renewables Obligation Order were enforced on April 2002. Th e schemes were introduced by the Scottish Executive and the Department of Enterprise and Trade, and are administered by the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority. The Renewable Orders set the amount of electricity from renewable sources to 5.5% and 6.7% in 2005-2006, and 2006-2007 respectively. In 2009, the Scottish government published the Renewables Action Plan, which committed the country to achieving 20% energy coming from renewable sources by 2020, which also meant that there must be a large increase in the energy derived from the heat (11% increase) and transport sectors (10% increase) (The Scottish Government, 2009). In the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) Amendment Order of 2011 which was enforced in April 2011, waste materials were already included as renewable energy sources. According to SEPA, incineration can be considered compatible with high recycling rates, which is also highly dependent on the segregation of wastes. Energy can be recovered from residual waste that ca nnot be recycled due to economic and technical reasons. Despite the economic crisis, the practice of waste incineration has risen worldwide (ecoprog/Fraunhofer UMSICHT, 2010). In the last decade, the annual global capacity of the incineration plants increased from 180 to 350 million tonnes. This can further rise by 20% in the next five years. It is further expected that with landfill sites decreasing, new plants will be

Super Heterodyne Receiver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Super Heterodyne Receiver - Essay Example All modern television and radio receivers virtually use the principle of super heterodyne. The super heterodyne receiver reduces to the same intermediate frequency value. In order to accomplish this, it requires that the super heterodyne receiver be able to vary incessantly the frequency that is being mixed into the signal in order to keep the same difference (Jerry 1172). This paper will discuss Super Heterodyne Receiver and its various aspects. History The history of Super Heterodyne Receiver can be traced back to 1905 when Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor, described proposed method to produce an audible signal from an Alexanderson transmitter. However, Edwin Armstrong, a United States Major, devised the principle of super heterodyne receiver in 1918 during the First World War in France. Armstrong invented this device as a way to overcome the deficiencies of early vacuum tube triodes that were being used as high-frequency amplifiers particularly in radio (Drentea 38). These amplifiers were used in equipment for radio direction finding and Armstrong realized that if these receivers could be operated at a much higher frequency, they would be better and more effective. At that time, however, there were no practical short wave amplifiers because of the existing limitations of triodes. Before Armstrong’s invention, it had been noticed that if regenerative receivers were allowed to move into oscillation, it would be possible for other nearby receivers to start picking up stations on frequencies that were different from those that were actually being transmitted on by stations. Several years later, Armstrong deduced that this was as a result of a supersonic heterodyne that was between oscillator frequency and the carrier frequency of the station (Jerry 1173). Therefore, Armstrong realized that that super heterodyne was a potential solution to the amplification problem of short wave. For example, he realized that to monitor 1500 kHz frequency could requ ire setting up an oscillator at 1560 kHz, therefore producing a heterodyne difference of 60 kHz; such a frequency could then be amplified more conveniently by the day’s triodes (Tsui 79). Eventually, Armstrong sold his patent for super heterodyne to Westinghouse, who in turn sold to RCA. RCA later monopolized the super heterodyne receivers market until 1930. Super heterodyne receivers gained more prominence in the 1930s with vacuum tube technology improvements. This situation could also be attributed to the rapid increase in the number of broadcasting stations that created demand for higher-performance and cheaper receivers. Introduction of tubes particularly designed for operation of super heterodyne receivers, notably the pentagrid converter, significantly reduced the advantage that preceding receiver designs had. Commercial production of super heterodyne receivers by the mid-1930s largely replaced the production and use of preceding receivers designs specifically tuned rad io frequency receivers. Eventually, the principle of super heterodyne was virtually taken up for all commercial TV and radio designs (Drentea 102). Design and Operation Principle of Super Heterodyne Receiver The operation principle of super heterodyne receiver mainly relies on the use of frequency mixing or heterodyning. The signal from an antenna is adequately filtered to reject the image frequency (Tsui 90).